Mechanisms for multiple resistances in field populations of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in China

The mechanisms for multiple resistances had been studied with two field resistant strains and the selected susceptible and resistant strains of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Bioassay revealed that the two field strains were both with high resistance to pyrethroids (RR: 63-530), low to medium resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, AChE targeted insecticides (RR: 5.7-26), and no resistance to fipronil (RR: 2.0-2.2). Selection with deltamethrin in laboratory could obviously enhance the resistance of this pest to both pyrethroids and AChE targeted insecticides. Synergism test, enzyme analysis and target comparison proved that the pyrethroid resistance in this pest associated only with the enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MFO) and esterase. However the resistance to the AChE targeted insecticides depended on the target insensitivity and also the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase. Thus, the cross-resistance between pyrethroids and the AChE targeted insecticides was thought to be resulted from the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase.     

转双价基因抗虫杨抑制美国白蛾的作用机理研究

为明确双价基因chitinase-BmkIT对鳞翅目害虫的作用机制,以美国白蛾为供试虫源,用转双价基因(烟草天蛾几丁质酶基因和东亚钳蝎昆虫特异性神经毒素基因)杨树叶片饲喂其幼虫,至3龄时,采用石蜡切片法,对美国白蛾幼虫中肠结构进行观察,并对其头部乙酰胆碱酯酶活性进行测定.结果表明,取食转基因杨树叶片的美国白蛾幼虫中肠结构不完整,中肠细胞出现排列不整齐、脱落等现象;而取食非转化杨树叶片的美国白蛾幼虫中肠结构完整,中肠细胞排列整齐紧密.转基因杨树叶片还显著抑制了美国白蛾幼虫头部乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性(p＜0.05).取食转chitinase-BmkIT基因杨树叶片抑制了幼虫的生长,并使部分幼虫身体溃烂.该双价基因可作为防治美国白蛾的基因源.     

Neurotoxic effects of subacute exposure of dichlorvos and methyl parathion at sublethal dosages in rats

The present study was designed to understand the effects of sublethal dosages of dichlorvos (DIC) and methyl parathion (MP) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in various tissues of rats exposed to 5 and 10 ppm of DIC and MP in drinking water ad libitum for 28 days continuously. According to the results, AChE activity was significantly decreased in all the tissues of rats treated with both dosages of DIC and MP except for in the lungs treated with both dosages of DIC. With regard to the BChE, MP caused a significant decrease in the liver, heart and lungs with 5 ppm dosage whereas it did not change the BChE activity in the other tissues with two dosages. Also, DIC caused a significant decrease in BChE activity in the heart tissue treated with both dosages and in the brain of rats treated with 5 ppm. The observations presented led us to conclude that the administrations of MP and DIC at sublethal concentrations inhibited AChE and BChE activities in the rats. These results suggest that inhibition of AChE may be a better biomarker for the assessment of neurotoxic effects in the living.     

柞蚕饰腹寄蝇不同地理种群的杀虫剂靶标酶和解毒酶活性分析

昆虫通过降低靶标酶敏感性及增强对杀虫剂的代谢能力产生抗药性。蝇毒磷是防治柞蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharipa tibia-lis Chao)的常用有机磷杀虫剂,为探讨柞蚕饰腹寄蝇不同地理种群对蝇毒磷的抗药性分化程度,分析来自辽宁省瓦房店市、凤城市、庄河市、开原市和西丰县的5个柞蚕饰腹寄蝇地理种群体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、细胞色素P450(CYP450)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)4种酶的活性及蝇毒磷对这些酶活性的体外抑制率。结果表明:来自瓦房店市和凤城市的柞蚕饰腹寄蝇地理种群的AChE比活力及蝇毒磷对酶活性的体外抑制率均显著高于其它3个地理种群;瓦房店市地理种群的GST比活力显著高于其它4个地理种群,蝇毒磷对酶活性的体外抑制率显著高于除庄河市地理种群外的其它3个地理种群;庄河市地理种群的CYP450比活力显著高于来自瓦房店市、凤城市和西丰县的3个地理种群,但与开原市地理种群相比差异不显著,蝇毒磷对瓦房店市地理种群的CYP450活性的体外抑制率显著高于其它4个地理种群;瓦房店市与凤城市地理种群的CarE比活力均显著高于来自庄河市、开原市和西丰县的3个地理种群;蝇毒磷对瓦房店市和凤城市地理种群的CarE活性的体外抑制率显著高于庄河市地理种群,对其它地理种群间的CarE活性的体外抑制率差异不显著。根据以上检测结果,推测来自庄河市的柞蚕饰腹寄蝇地理种群对蝇毒磷的抗性相对较强,而来自瓦房店市的柞蚕饰腹寄蝇地理种群对蝇毒磷的抗性相对较弱。     

蛇足石杉体内抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性物质的内生真菌的分离

[目的]从蛇足石杉体内分离筛选出具有体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的内生真菌。[方法]取野外采集的蛇足石杉的叶、茎和根进行表面消毒后接种于PDA培养基,分离出内生真菌后进行摇瓶发酵,超声提取其发酵产物,以DTNB法检测其发酵产物在体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性。[结果]从根、茎、叶中分离得到194株内生真菌,在马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(PDB)中发酵后,对内生真菌发酵提取液进行体外AChE抑制活性检测;共有31株内生真菌显示出体外AChE抑制活性,抑制活性较强的有13株,抑制率在50.2%～80.5%。其中从蛇足石杉茎部位分离得到9株,叶部位分离得到4株。[结论]从蛇足石杉体内可分离出内生真菌,该内生真菌的发酵产物在体外有较强的抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,这可能是寻找乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制药物的有效途径之一。     

萝卜叶不同萃取物对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性研究

[目的]研究萝卜叶不同萃取组分对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性。[方法]通过对萝卜叶水提原液、水提不同萃取组分及萃取后的水相进行乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测试,对萝卜叶抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶能力进行评价。[结果]以石杉碱甲为对照,萝卜叶不同萃取物对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制能力从大到小依次为石杉碱甲、二氯甲烷组分、乙酸乙酯组分、石油醚组分、正丁醇组分、水相、萝卜叶水提原液。[结论]萝卜叶具有较好的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,并呈现一定的浓度依赖性。     

宋果灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制作用

[目的]认识宋果灵具体的杀虫机制,为开发此类植物源农药以及进行酶法筛选提供毒理学参考。[方法]配制浓度分别为0、0.005、0.01、0.020、.0350、.05 mg/ml的宋果灵,研究宋果灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制作用及可能的机制。[结果]随着宋果灵浓度的升高,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性逐渐下降,说明宋果灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有抑制作用,线性回归方程为:y=-0.118 9x+99.387,R2=0.934 4,IC50=0.412 mg/ml。宋果灵含有N原子,与质子结合后,带正电,NH4+正离子与Trp84、Phe330的侧链芳环形成阳离子-π相互作用,从而抑制了酶活性。[结论]宋果灵可以作为农药先导化合物,用于合成高效、低毒、无公害的新农药。     

星豹蛛乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性测定及药剂对其活性的抑制作用

[目的]系统研究星豹蛛（Pardosa astrigera）乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的性质,确定其抗药性的发生和发展及其抗性水平,建立快速、准确的AChE活性检测方法。[方法]采用正交试验设计确定星豹蛛不同部位AChE活性测定的最优条件组合,并在此基础上进一步研究豹蛛AChE的体躯分布及其对4种常用药剂的敏感度。[结果]星豹蛛头胸部、腹部和附肢AChE活性测定的最优条件组合是：酶浓度分别为12、18、29 g/L;底物浓度分别为0.6、1.0、1.0 mmol/L;反应体系pH值均为7.0;反应温度分别为30、35、35℃;反应时间均为5min。AChE主要分布在星豹蛛的头胸部,提取液中含有Triton X-100时,AChE的比活力要比无Triton X-100时大。灭多威、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱对星豹蛛头胸部中AChE的抑制中浓度（IC50）分别为7.76×10-5、1.76×10-4、4.12×10-4、4.94×10-4mol/L。[结论]星豹蛛体内AChE是膜结合的;4种药剂对星豹蛛头胸部中AChE的抑制具有很好的剂量效应,表明星豹蛛头胸部AChE可以作为环境中有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯类农药污染的生物化学标记。     

Oxidation of chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl and phorate by myeloperoxidase

The present paper deals with the investigations of optimal conditions for the myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated oxidation of chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl and phorate, organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) containing phosphorothionate group, from thio- to oxo-forms, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The aim of the work was to apply this oxidation method in the AChE based bioanalytical tests for OPs determination. The maximum concentration of oxo-forms for all tested pesticides was achieved after 10 min incubation of OPs in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 100 nM MPO in the presence of 50 μM H₂O₂. Optimal temperature for obtaining maximal concentration of oxo-forms was 37 °C. Only the parent compounds and their oxo-forms were identified chromatographically in the OPs samples after their exposure to MPO. Moreover, no hydrolysis products were detected in the time interval of 1 h after the MPO catalyzed reaction was stopped by catalase. The efficiency of OPs transformation from thio- to oxo-forms was measured using acethylcholinesterase (AChE) test, by comparison of percent of AChE inhibition before and after exposure to the oxidized sample.     

Dynamics of acetylcholinesterase activity recovery in two earthworm species following exposure to ethyl-parathion

In order for cholinesterase (ChE) activity to be used as an effective biomarker in earthworms, the time course of enzyme activity inhibition and recovery must be fully characterized. A laboratory experiment was carried out using parathion as a model organophosphorus pesticide at the recommended dose (1 mg kg⁻¹) and a 10 fold higher dose (10 mg kg⁻¹), on two earthworm species (Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa). ChE activity and weight were measured every week for a 14 day period of exposure to parathion and then for 8 weeks in uncontaminated soil. After 3 days of exposure, the weight of both earthworm species had decreased by 10–15% compared to the control, regardless of the dose used. During the remainder of the exposure period, no differences were observed between the two doses for A. chlorotica; but A. caliginosa showed rapid weight recuperation for the lowest dose applied. After 28 days and over, the control and both exposed species of worms lost similar amounts of weight. ChE inhibition was measured during and after the exposure period. ChE inhibition followed a different time course for the two species investigated. A. chlorotica appeared less sensitive to parathion than A. caliginosa. In this latter species, ChE inhibition was rapid at close to 70% of the control after 3 days, for either dose, and reached 80–90% after 7 days exposure. While A. chlorotica exhibited the same pattern of inhibition for 10 mg kg⁻¹ of parathion, the inhibition process was slower for the recommended dose with 50% inhibition after 7 days of exposure and 70% after 14 days. ChE activity recovery, after transfer to uncontaminated soil, also followed a different pattern for the two species. After exposure to 1 mg kg⁻¹ parathion, ChE activity from A. chlorotica underwent a slow but constant recovery process to regain the control value after 8 weeks in unpolluted conditions. On the other hand, the ChE activity from A. caliginosa remained strongly inhibited. The differential susceptibility to parathion found in this study could be related to differences in the specificity of the total ChE activities between those two species.