Effect of indaziflam on microbial activity and nitrogen cycling processes in an orchard soil

Indaziflam is a preemergent herbicide widely used for the control of weeds in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in the southwestern region of the United States. Given the paucity of data regarding the effect of indaziflam on the biochemical properties of soils supporting pecan production, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different application rates of indaziflam on soil microbial activity, diversity, and biochemical processes related to nitrogen (N) cycling. During two consecutive growing seasons (2015 and 2016), soil samples were obtained from experimental mesocosms consisting of soil-filled pots where pecan saplings were grown and treated with indaziflam applied at two different rates (25 and 50 g active ingredient (ai) ha^-1, with the higher rate being slightly lower than the recommended field application rate of 73.1 g ai ha^-1). Soil samples were collected approximately one week before and one week after herbicide application for determination of soil microbial biomass and diversity, N mineralization, and β-glucosaminidase activity. Soil samples collected from the control mesocosms without herbicide application were treated in the laboratory with two rates of indaziflam (75 and 150 g ai ha^-1) to determine the immediate effect on microbial activity. No significant effect of herbicide treatment on soil respiration and microbial biomass was detected. The results showed a slight to moderate decrease in microbial diversity (7% in 2015 and 44% in 2016). However, decreased β-glucosaminidase activity with herbicide treatment was observed in soils from the mesocosms (33%) and soils treated with indaziflam in the laboratory (45%). The mineral N pool was generally dominated by ammonium after indaziflam application, which was consistent with the drastic decrease (75%) in nitrification activity measured in the laboratory experiment. The results of this study indicate that indaziflam, even when applied at higher than recommended rates, has limited effects on soil microbial activity, but may affect N cycling processes.     

天然β-胡萝卜素提取工艺研究进展

β-胡萝卜素是维生素A的重要来源并且可作为食品着色剂,同时其突出的抗癌特性和抗氧化性使其成为日常膳食补充剂的理想选择。综述了国内外近十年来不同来源的生物原料中天然β-胡萝卜素提取工艺的研究概况,将其归纳为有机溶剂萃取法、超临界CO2萃取法、超声波辅助萃取法、微波辅助萃取法和酶解辅助萃取法,并对比了各种方法的优缺点,以期为今后β-胡萝卜素及其他天然色素特别是类胡萝卜色素的提取与开发提供参考。     

产β-甘露聚糖酶菌株的物理和化学诱变育种研究

[目的]比较产β-甘露聚糖菌株的物理和化学诱变育种效果。[方法]以产β-甘露聚糖酶的Bacillus subtilis WD23为出发菌株,利用紫外线诱变和甲基磺酸乙酯诱变的方法提高酶的活性。[结果]紫外线照射时间选为20～30s,诱变后酶活提高了8．72％;1％的甲基磺矗乙酯诱变10min,酶活提高了1．29％。[结论]紫外线诱变效果好于甲基磺酸乙酸,该研究中,物理诱变效果好于化学诱变。     

萝卜清除DPPH自由基活性研究

[目的]研究萝卜清除DPPH自由基的活性.[方法]通过对萝卜叶水提物、水提物不同极性部位萃取物、萝卜中脂肪油类有效成分β-谷甾醇进行清除DPPH（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼）自由基活性测试,对萝卜的抗氧化能力进行评价.[结果]以柠檬酸为对照其清除能力大小顺序为：乙酸乙酯层＞二氯甲烷层＞萝卜叶水提物＞β-谷甾醇＞石油醚层＞柠檬酸.[结论]萝卜具有较好的抗氧化能力.     

三孢布拉氏霉中β-胡萝卜素的提取研究

[目的]确定从三孢布拉氏霉干菌体中提取β-胡萝卜素的溶剂种类及提取条件。[方法]以发酵所得的三孢布拉氏霉干菌丝体为原料,通过单因素试验考察了不同溶剂种类、料液比、提取时间和提取温度对β-胡萝卜素提取得率的影响。[结果]试验得出,乙醇提取得率较低,而丙酮、石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正己烷4种溶剂从三孢布拉氏霉干菌体中提取β-胡萝卜素的得率几乎相同。从价格因素考虑,选取石油醚作为提取溶剂。适宜的提取条件为料液比1∶15 g/ml,提取时间2 h,提取温度40℃,提取得率可达约16 mgβ-胡萝卜素/g干菌体。[结论]该研究可为利用三孢布拉氏霉发酵法生产天然β-胡萝卜素提供依据和参考。     

响应面法优化重组毕赤酵母菌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的诱导条件

[目的]对重组毕赤酵母菌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的诱导条件进行优化。[方法]以重组毕赤酵母GS115为研究对象,通过单因素试验确定最佳产酶条件,并采用响应面试验确定3个因素的最佳水平。[结果]最佳产酶条件为:培养温度28℃,培养pH 6.5,摇床转速210 r/min,培养基装液量100 ml。响应面试验确定3个因素即装液量、甲醇添加量和pH最佳值分别为103.18 ml、1.77%和6.69;在此条件下,β-甘露聚糖酶的活力最大值为4 917.5 U/ml。[结论]验证试验证明模型预测值准确、可靠,为重组毕赤酵母菌的合理开发利用提供了依据。     

石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺研究

对石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺进行了研究。以挥发油提取率及包合率为评价指标,采用正交试验法优选最佳提取及包合工艺条件,并采用薄层色谱法(TLC)、紫外光谱分析法(UC)及红外光谱分析法(IR)对包合物进行分析鉴定。得到最佳提取工艺:药材粉碎度粗粉10目,无需浸泡,提取时间8h;最佳包合工艺条件:mL(挥发油)与g(β-环糊精)的投料比=1∶8,包合温度60℃,搅拌时间2h,所形成的包合物通过TLC、UC、IR法证实工艺稳定、可行,为其在生产中的应用提供了依据。     

人参皂苷Rd-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备和表征

对人参皂苷Rd-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备和表征进行研究。采用溶剂-搅拌法制备包合物,然后用差示扫描量热法、红外光谱法以及显微镜法对得到的产物进行表征,3种表征方法均表明包合物已经形成。用高效液相色谱法测定包合物中人参皂苷Rd的含量为7.53%,包合物在25℃下的溶解度比人参皂苷Rd增大了24.3倍,在37℃下的溶解度增大了219倍。包合物水溶性良好,说明羟丙基-β-环糊精作为药物载体可以提高药物溶解度。     

Hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase in the presence of soil minerals - Interactions at solid-liquid interfaces and effects on enzyme activity levels

Extracellular enzymatic activities in soils are essential for the cycling of organic matter. These activities take place in multiphase environments where solid phases profoundly affect biocatalytic activities. Aspergillus niger is ubiquitous in soils; its β-glucosidase plays an important role in the degradation of cellulose, and therefore in the global carbon cycle and in the turnover of soil organic matter. However, the information on the interactions of this protein with soil minerals is very limited, and even less is known about their consequences for the hydrolysis of the natural substrate cellobiose. We therefore characterised the sorptive interactions of this enzyme with the soil minerals montmorillonite, kaolinite and goethite and quantified the resulting changes in the hydrolysis rate of cellobiose. Fractions of adsorbed protein, and the resulting catalytic activity loss, were lower for montmorillonite than for kaolinite and goethite at given experimental conditions; adsorption was 9.7 ± 7.3% for montmorillonite, 70.3 ± 3.1% for kaolinite and 71.4 ± 1.8% for goethite, respectively. Adsorption of the protein to the minerals caused a total decrease in the catalytic activity of 18.8 ± 3.4% for kaolinite and 17.9 ± 4.7% for goethite whereas it was not significant for montmorillonite. The average catalytic activity lost by the pool of adsorbed molecules was 26.8% for kaolinite and 25.0% for goethite. Both the amount of adsorbed protein and the resulting loss of catalytic activity were found to be independent of the specific surface areas yet were influenced by the electrical properties of the mineral surfaces. Under the experimental conditions, montmorillonite and kaolinite are negatively charged whereas goethite is positively charged. However, because of the adsorption of phosphate anions from the buffer, a charge reversal took place at the surface of goethite. This was confirmed by zeta (ζ)-potential measurements in phosphate buffer, revealing negative values for all the tested minerals. Indeed goethite interacted with the enzyme as a negatively charged surface: the amount of adsorbed protein and the resulting catalytic activity loss were very similar to those of kaolinite. Our results show that, even if an important fraction of β-glucosidase is adsorbed to the minerals, the catalytic activity is largely retained. We suggest that this strong activity retention in presence of soil minerals results from a selective pressure on A. niger, which benefits from the activity of the adsorbed, and thus stabilized, enzyme pool.     

一株聚β-羟基丁酸（PHB）产生菌的分离纯化及鉴定

本研究从土样中分离纯化出一株PHB高产菌株P-9,通过对其进行形态学和生理生化反应特征研究,初步鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）。进一步研究P-9菌的生长规律,发现P-9菌生长的延迟期为0-24 h,24 h后进入对数生长期,同时积累PHB,84 h时细胞进入稳定生长期,108 h时PHB产量达到最大,达1.25 g/L。