喷杆式喷雾机雾流方向角对药液沉积影响的试验研究

为了研究喷杆式喷雾机的雾流方向角对靶标上药液沉积量的影响,设置±40°、±30°、±20°、±10°、0° 9个雾流方向角,选用标准扇形雾喷头ST120-015,喷雾压力0.25 MPa,分别以1.18 m/s、0.59 m/s的前进速度,按照150 L/hm²和300 L/hm²的喷量针对水平靶标和垂直靶标进行喷雾试验。试验结果表明,改变雾流方向角会增加药液在水平靶标上的沉积量,药液在中部和下部靶标沉积量的增加程度比上部显著,喷量150 L/hm²和300 L/hm²的最佳喷雾雾流方向角分别为20°和30°;对于垂直靶标,喷量150 L/hm²时改变雾流方向角只会增加上部和下部靶标的药液沉积量,而喷量300 L/hm²时改变雾流方向角会使上、中、下三部分靶标的沉积量都增加,且增加程度一致。当喷量150 L/hm²时垂直靶标的最佳雾流方向角为20°～40°,喷量300 L/hm²时的最佳雾流方向角为30°。试验结果表明喷杆前进速度会对最佳雾流方向角产生影响。     

降膜蒸发器噪声现场测试分析

通过对RNJM-03型三效降膜蒸发器噪声现场测试,结合文献、调研资料,进一步验证其噪声主要由气流在热压泵中的拉伐儿喷嘴处产生,提出利用马大猷教授的气流喷注噪声公式,将可能推导出适用于该设备的噪声经验公式的设想。     

4种助剂对异丙隆防除菵草的增效作用

为了比较4种助剂Silwet 806、红太阳A8、激健、安融乐对异丙隆防除菵草Beckmannia syzigachne的增效作用及机制,采用整株生物测定法测定4种助剂与异丙隆混用后对菵草的生物活性及对小麦的安全性;采用仪器分析法测定4种助剂对异丙隆药液的表面张力、叶面接触角、干燥时间和在叶面上的沉积量的影响.结果 表...     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

浅圆仓仓顶自动喷水降温试验

为了缓解夏季高温对仓温及粮温的影响,对浅圆仓仓顶进行自动喷水降温试验,利用水的蒸发带走仓顶热量,以减少外热向仓内热传递,减缓仓温和粮温上升,从而延缓粮食陈化速度,保持粮食原有品质,确保储粮安全度夏,为最终实现绿色储粮创造有利条件。     

不同电动植保无人机稻田雾滴沉积分布试验研究

为了研究旋翼类型和喷头类型对雾滴沉积影响,针对5种电动植保无人机进行水稻田雾滴沉积分布试验研究,试验机型包括单旋翼和多旋翼,喷头类型涉及离心式和液力式,并设置15L/hm2相同施药量,研究测定各机型的有效喷幅、雾滴沉积分布和冠层间的药液沉积量。试验结果表明:单旋翼机型具有较大的有效喷幅;离心式喷头雾滴沉积粒径较小,但雾滴沉积密度更大;各机型在作物上层的雾滴分布均匀性和药液沉积量最优,中层最差;相比液力式喷头,离心喷头可以获得更好的雾滴穿透效果。     

Assessment of microbial biocontrol agent (BCA) viability to mechanical and thermal stress by simulating spray application conditions

Background

In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU).

Results

The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures.

Conclusions

Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

果园在线混药型静电喷雾机的设计与试验

为提高果园轻型机动喷雾机的作业性能,设计了一种果园在线混药型静电喷雾机,进行了混药均匀性与稳定性试验和静电喷雾沉积试验。试验测得混药均匀性和混药稳定性的最大变异系数分别为4.46%和3.51%。采用风辅静电喷雾方式的无冠层采样架上采样点正面的雾滴附着率相对于无风辅无静电喷雾方式分别提高了9.3%、46.3%和53.2%,采样点反面的雾滴附着率分别提高了82.9%、164.3%和184.2%。风辅静电喷雾下在仿真柑橘树冠层内部叶片正面的雾滴附着率为48个/cm2左右,叶片反面为37个/cm2,相对于无风辅无静电方式分别提高了166.7%和428.6%。试验结果表明：所设计的在线混药系统具有良好的混药性能,风辅静电式喷雾系统可提高雾滴吸附能力和穿透能力,能够满足25个/cm2的病虫害防治附着率要求。该研究为果园喷雾机的机构设计和性能优化提供参考。     

含糖类物料的喷雾干燥

从玻璃态转变温度着手,分析了在喷雾干燥中含有不同品种糖类物料粘壁的原因,提出了改性或在设计干燥流程时的6种应对方法。     

飞机喷洒Bt粉剂防治天然胡杨林春尺蠖技术

应用Y-5B型飞机低量喷洒16 000 IU/mg的Bt可湿性粉剂防治天然胡杨林春尺蠖,用量为1 500 g/hm2和1 200 g/hm2。结果表明两种剂量都具有高效持效的特点,1 200 g/hm2可使虫口减退率达到97%,有效地减轻了春尺蠖对新疆天然胡杨林的危害,防治成本有所下降。