入侵害虫芒果壮铗普瘿蚊对5种芒果挥发物的电生理反应和行为选择

芒果壮铗普瘿蚊（Procontarinia robusta）是我国外来危险性入侵害虫,坚硬的瘿壳导致药剂防治困难。植食性昆虫主要通过触角接收植物挥发物选择寄主,本研究采用触角电位联用仪（EAG）和“Y”型嗅觉仪观察瘿蚊成虫对芒果叶片挥发物成分（α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯、异松油烯、乙酸乙酯）的电生理反应和行为选择,结果显示：EAG反应值大小排序依次为α-蒎烯>3-莰烯>α-石竹烯>异松油烯>乙酸乙酯,α-蒎烯处理组显著高于其他挥发物。虽然雌虫对于α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯3种物质的EAG反应值比雄虫的高,但是雌雄之间对同一挥发物差异不显著（P<0.05）。行为选择结果显示：对瘿蚊吸引率高低依次为：3-莰烯>乙酸乙酯>α-石竹烯>α-蒎烯>异松油烯;3-莰烯对瘿蚊的吸引率最高,达到74.20%,显著高于α-蒎烯和异松油烯,乙酸乙酯吸引率次之,达到66.07%;异松油酯的趋避性最高,达到74.25%,显著高于其他挥发物。实验中也显示浓度阈值现象,α-蒎烯在浓度0.5 mL/L和1 mL/L浓度范围内有显著的趋避效果,在高于或低于此范围内的其他浓度引诱率和趋避率差异不显著。α-石竹烯高浓度（1.0 mL/L and 2.0 mL/L）对芒果壮铗普瘿蚊有显著引诱作用,3-莰烯和α-石竹烯处理组随着浓度的升高对瘿蚊的引诱率增加。研究结果为阐释瘿蚊入侵机理提供理论依据,为开发引诱剂或趋避剂提供技术支撑。     

外源油菜素甾酮处理水稻对褐飞虱取食和产卵选择性等行为的影响

为了解经油菜素甾酮处理后水稻对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的抗性,通过在水稻培养液中添加不同浓度的油菜素甾酮,观察水稻对褐飞虱取食和产卵、若虫生长发育、羽化等行为的影响,评估油菜素甾酮在水稻抗虫防御反应中的作用。结果表明,水稻培养液中的油菜素甾酮可被水稻有效吸收并产生生理活性。经0.01～10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理后水稻叶片弯曲程度均显著增加,其叶角分别为对照的3.3～11.0倍。褐飞虱取食和产卵嗜好性与油菜素甾酮处理浓度密切相关,经较低浓度0.005～0.05μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理的水稻能显著降低褐飞虱雌成虫的取食和产卵嗜好性,其产卵量为对照的35.0%～73.9%;而较高浓度0.1～5μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理则增加褐飞虱雌成虫的取食和产卵嗜好性,其产卵量为对照的1.3～1.8倍。0.01、1、5、10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理的水稻显著降低褐飞虱若虫的羽化率,为对照的32.5%～53.3%。0.1～10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理显著缩短褐飞虱若虫发育历期,仅为对照的94.1%～96.9%。褐飞虱若虫存活数和初羽化雌成虫体重分别仅在0.1、10μmol/L油菜素甾酮处理下显著降低。表明油菜素甾酮处理水稻可对水稻抗虫防御反应产生影响,其具有作为生态功能分子用于褐飞虱田间防控的潜力。     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

卵黄和低密度脂蛋白对冷冻保存绵羊精子胆固醇、磷脂含量的影响

为了探索绵羊冷冻精液受精率低的原因,在稀释液中用低密度脂蛋白代替卵黄冷冻绵羊精液,研究LDL对冷冻中精子脂类含量的影响。结果表明,以卵黄稀释液冷冻精液,精子胆固醇含量从鲜精的234．54nmol／10^9降低到163．76nmol／10^9精子,胆固醇与磷脂的比值（c／p）从0．54下降到0．36;以9g／100mL LDL代替卵黄,冷冻后胆固醇含量为243．73nmol／10^9精子,c／p值保持在0．50。研究得出在卵黄稀释液中冷冻绵羊精液,精子胆固醇流失,c／p值下降;以LDL代替卵黄,可有效保护精子胆固醇,避免流失,维持了精子c／p值。     

中国龙虾食物变态反应BALB/c鼠模型的建立（英文）

[目的]通过腹腔注射的致敏方式建立中国龙虾食物变态反应Balb/c小鼠模型,探讨中国龙虾食物变态反应体外鉴定与评价方法。[方法]将40只雄性Balb/c小鼠分为卵清蛋白（OVA）阳性对照组、Coca’s液阴性对照组、空白对照组和模型组,以OVA、中国龙虾粗提蛋白,加氢氧化铝佐剂腹腔注射免疫Balb/c小鼠,建立食物变态反应小鼠模型。ELISA法测定第二次致敏激发后血清中IgE与组胺水平并进行被动皮肤过敏试验（PCA）确定特异性IgE抗体滴度,同时观察脾指数、小肠组织学变化及激发后的食物变态反应症状。[结果]末次激发后1 h采血,中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清IgE含量为236.75（±73.39）μg/L,与阳性对照OVA组无区别,与阴性对照Coca’s液组和正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组的组胺含量406.55（±232.79）μg/L与正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;PCA反应中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清特异性IgE抗体滴度达到1/16;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组和OVA致敏组小鼠脾指数明显大于Coca’s液或正常对照组（P〈0.01）且前两组小肠粘膜固有层皆出现淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等炎性细胞浸润。[结论]建立了一种中国龙虾食物变态反应小鼠模型,通过ELISA测定血清IgE和组胺以及PCA确定特异性IgE抗体滴度可作为一种鉴定与评价中国龙虾食物变态反应的方法。     

Molecular characterization of Ascaridia galli from Bangladesh and development of a PCR method for distinguishing A. galli from Heterakis spp.

We analyzed the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS2 sequences for Bangladesh isolates of Ascaridia galli, and we determined that the sequences were unreliable as molecular markers for distinguishing A. galli from other Ascaridia species, because the sequences showed high identity with that of A. columbae. However, the ITS1 sequences were available for designing PCR primers distinguishable between Ascaridia galli and Heterakis spp. Bangladesh isolates of A. galli constituted a monophyletic clade along with other geographical isolates in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) phylogenetic tree, however, we could not clarify the phylogenetic relationships between A. galli and other Ascaridia spp., because their available sequences in GenBank were very few. The developed PCR method using DNA from A. galli and Heterakis spp. eggs would enable differential diagnosis of the individual infections in the future.     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

吡蚜酮防治褐飞虱的使用技术及对天敌的安全性研究

通过室内生物测定、盆栽和田间试验,研究了新型杀虫剂吡蚜酮对水稻褐飞虱的作用方式、不同龄期毒力、田间使用技术及防治效果,并初步探讨了吡蚜酮对天敌黑肩绿盲蝽和蜘蛛(机敏漏斗蛛)的毒力及其田间数量的影响。结果表明:吡蚜酮对褐飞虱不仅具有触杀作用,还具有较强的内吸作用。吡蚜酮对褐飞虱1龄、3龄若虫的168hLC50值分别为14.99mg·L-1、13.08mg·L-1,显著低于5龄若虫和成虫。盆栽试验发现当盆钵中保持水层时,吡蚜酮的防治效果更高。在褐飞虱低龄期、田间保持水层条件下,应用25%吡蚜酮WP制剂300g·hm-2、450g·hm-2和600g·hm-2,药后15d的防治效果可达95%以上。进一步的研究发现,吡蚜酮对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的安全性级别为较不安全(Ⅲ级),田间使用吡蚜酮后黑肩绿盲蝽数量减少;吡蚜酮对蜘蛛安全性级别为安全(Ⅰ级),田间使用吡蚜酮后蜘蛛数量无明显变化。研究结果为吡蚜酮的合理使用提供了科学依据。     

攀杂丝瓜1号新品种选育

攀杂丝瓜1号是以从重庆九龙坡丝瓜中选育的S8-6自交系为母本,以选自上海香丝瓜的自交系S4—3为父本。培育的早熟、丰产杂一代新品种,该品种植株生长势、分枝性强,坐果率高,果实长圆柱形,匀称,皮色深绿,表皮皱,瓜纵径26．5cm,横径5．5cm,单瓜质量285．8g,商品性好,味清甜,品质优,667m^2产量2918．5kg。