EMS诱变玉米自交系郑58后代变异分析及应用评价

种子是农业的“芯片”,是保障粮食安全的根本,农业种质资源又被称为“种业芯片”。因此,引进、创制和丰富种质资源是攻克“卡脖子”技术的关键,通过人工诱变是种质资源创新的一个重要途径。利用0.67 mg/L EMS诱变玉米自交系郑58花粉,构建1 650个株系的玉米突变体库,从M₂和M₃后代筛选到包括生育期、株型、叶型、穗型、粒型、叶色、轴色、育性等多个农艺性状突变体,表型变异率约为9.6%。结果表明,具有育种应用潜能的代表性材料有Z330、Z641和Z1433等,可供用于选育矮秆、低穗位、耐密植、抗倒伏型新品种;Z636、Z848和Z930等新种质材料可用于测配或改良玉米穗型、粒型、轴色、粒色及品质性状。     

海南优质稻米的品质研究[①]

随着现代人们生活水平的提高,稻米消费的需求也正在发生改变。三亚市南繁科学技术研究院连续承办两届“海南好米”活动,从海南征集稻米品种,活动涵盖了海南省推广的绝大部分优质稻米。本实验通过检测“海南好米”评选活动中得分较高的水稻品种米质,并与在全国优质稻米品质评选活动中获奖的水稻品种米质进行比较,分析了海南地区优质水稻品种米质的特点及未来可能的改良方向。结果表明：海南省籼稻米粒型以长型为主,大小形状较为理想。但外观品质较差,主要表现在稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度和裂纹率偏大。胶稠度大多为中软胶稠度,碱消值多数处于中高级。中、低直链淀粉含量品种居多,蒸煮品质总体较理想。今后海南籼稻品质改良目标应该放在减小垩白粒率、垩白度和裂纹率的等外观品质上,从而提高海南地区优质水稻的商品价值。     

新能源客车底盘生产线布局研究

随着国家对新能源汽车的大力支持以及各地政府对环境保护的高度重视,国内新能源客车产量需求剧增,很多公司已对传统生产线进行改造或新建生产线。本文结合目前行业现状,阐述了客车底盘产线布置的关键点及常用的布置方案,对各种布置方案的优缺点进行对比分析,对我国客车底盘装配效率的提升有重大意义。     

柔毛野豌豆根瘤菌接种效果试验研究

对柔毛野豌豆进行了根瘤菌接种,使柔毛野豌豆的产草量提高了６０％－６９％,土壤多固氮３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,改良了土壤,增加了绿肥效果,为促进生态农业和生态畜牧业的有机结合开辟了新途径。     

物权法定主义之思考

物权法定主义一直是争论的焦点,否定者有之,提倡者有之。文章就物权法定主义的涵义、代表性发展史,及其合理性与局限性作一剖析,指出物权法定是物权法存在的基础,应该加以遵守;而使物权法朝着有利于经济发展的方向发展,其完善之举为“缓化”。     

黑河流域草地资源保护与建设

黑河流域除绿洲地区外有160万hm2的草地,进行草地分户、围栏封育、人工改良草地;牧户按地定畜、优化牧场、推广良种、改良畜群;按草定牧、实行休牧和轮牧;革新观念、子羔出栏、加速出栏周期、保障牧民增收等措施可保护草地资源,加速草地建设,繁荣牧区经济.     

Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

鲁梅克斯对草甸盐土的改土效应研究

在草甸盐土上种植鲁梅克斯Rumex patientia×R.tianschanicus cv.Rumex K-1,脱盐改土效果十分明显.种植鲁梅克斯3～4年,鲜草产量达100.51 t/hm2,pH值由8.43降为7.99,耕作层土壤总孔隙度增加5.29%～7.06%,土壤容重降低0.14～0.21 g/cm3,水稳性团粒结构增加23.14%～32.34%,自然含水量增加72.12～89.44 g/kg,土壤有机质、速效氮、磷、钾亦随之增加.     

“吉农朝鲜碱茅”与“三北”地区盐碱地的改良

简述了国内外盐碱地的现状与分布，生物改良盐碱地的方法，已被科学家们所共识。我们利用碱茅属（Puccinelia Parl）植物改良盐碱地已取得重大进展。新育成的“吉农朝鲜碱茅”（P．chinampoesis Ohwi CV．“Jinong”）具有更加优良的性状和广泛的适应性。该品种将在“三北”地区的生态环境建设和盐碱地改良过程中发挥重要作用。     

Small‐scale reseeding trials in arid rangeland: Effects of rainfall,clearing and grazing on seedling survival

Abstract

Seeds of four indigenous plant species were sown in 1990 in small‐scale field trials in an arid, non‐seasonal rainfall region of the southern Karoo, South Africa. Seeds of a winter annual Tetragonia echinata (Aizoaceae) showed innate dormancy but those of three perennial shrubs Pteronia empetrifolia, P. pollens and Osteospermum sinuatum (all Asteraceae) emerged only after the first substantial autumn rain. In good rangeland, seedling growth and survival was better in clearings than in undisturbed vegetation. In poor, continuously‐grazed rangeland, sheep had more influence on growth and survival of O. sinuatum seedlings than did vegetation clearing. These findings should be tested by means of large‐scale trials replicated in time and space.