Application of acoustic Doppler current profiler combined with a scientific echo sounder for krill Euphausia pacifica density estimation

ABSTRACT:   An application of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP, 153.6 kHz) in combination with a scientific echo sounder (EK60, 38 and 200 kHz) was investigated to estimate the density of krill Euphausia pacifica . The acoustic backscattering strength from sound scattering layers was compared with biomass estimates from midwater trawls. Euphausia pacifica was targeted among mixed species populations in the sound scattering layer in the offshore Funka Bay area of Hokkaido, Japan. The frequency characteristics of acoustic backscattering by krill were calculated using a distorted wave Born approximation scattering model at three frequencies. Krill aggregations identified from the EK60 data were extracted as the mean volume backscattering strength difference between two frequencies. They were then used to identify similar aggregations in the ADCP data by matching observation times and depths for the two methods, which were applied simultaneously. Results from the comparison of the mean volume backscattering strength and the density calculated from the ADCP and EK60 showed that ADCP can be used to measure density and spatial–temporal distribution of krill aggregations. Current speed and direction at the study site were found to be 16.1 cm/s and 187.0°, respectively, and krill speed and direction (including the current component) were found to be 19.8 cm/s and 172.2°, respectively. Based on the ADCP data, the net speed and direction of the krill aggregations were found to be 5.9 cm/s and 128.0°, respectively.     

浅谈建立郑州市道路路面养护管理系统

路面管理系统是通过对路面运行状况、使用性能、使用周期、进行对比、分析，预测路面管理的最佳养护预算投资并在最佳养护经济投资条件等各种因素限制下，寻求道路养护管理最佳战略决策。     

希拉穆仁草原不同放牧强度对植被群落特征和土壤团聚体的影响

[目的] 为探究草原不同放牧强度下植被群落的改变,解析群落特征变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[方法] 以希拉穆仁荒漠草原控制放牧试验区为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析相结合的方法,分析轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和禁牧(CK)下植被群落特征和土壤团聚体特征及二者的关系,揭示植物群落变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[结果] (1)植物群落物种数随放牧强度的增加而增加,LG的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')和Simpson优势度指数(D)显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。地上生物量随放牧强度的增加而降低,HG的地上生物量显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。不同放牧强度下地下生物量差异显著,且不同土层的地下生物量均以LG最高。(2)平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与大团聚体含量一致,在0—5, 5—10 cm土层表现为随放牧强度的增加先增加后降低再增加(LG最高、MG最低)。(3)群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')、Pielous均匀度指数(J'')、地上生物量、容重是影响大团聚体含量、MWD和GMD的显著性因子(p＜0.05)。[结论] 放牧强度对土壤团聚体稳定性具有负反馈调节作用,主要通过影响植被群落多样性指数(H''和J'')、地上生物量、土壤容重的变化而引起土壤团聚体稳定性的变化。该结果为希拉穆仁草原放牧强度选择及生态恢复工作提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

生姜群体光台特性的研究

利用田间同化箱对生姜的群体光合特性进行了研究。结果表明，生姜群体光合速率（ＣＰｎ）有明显的季节变化和日变化，随着季节的进展ＣＰｎ呈二次曲线型。ＣＰｎ的日变化呈单峰曲线，峰值出现在中午１２时左右。ＣＰｎ的峰值与旺盛生长季节相吻合。在本试验范围内单位土地面积的ＣＰｎ随ＬＡＩ的增加而增加，若以叶面积计算ＣＰｎ则随叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）的增加而降低。在田间试验条件下ＣＰｎ随光强和ＣＯ２浓度的增加而增加，在自然光下未测到生姜ＣＰｎ的光饱和点。     

闽东南天然降雨雨滴特征的研究

该文在实测滴谱资料的基础上建立了闽东南地区雨滴大小分布函数。F=1-exp[-(d/3.58I^0.28)^5.19I0.11]并导出了雨滴中数直径、动能与雨强的关系为D₅₀=3.34I^0.29和E=36.04I^0.29。笔者认为两型对雨滴特征是有影响的。     

Effects of Grazing Intensity on Soil and Vegetation Properties in a Mediterranean Rangeland

Grazing modifies the aboveground soil and plants of rangeland ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of various grazing intensity levels on soil bulk density, soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil total organic carbon (TOC), aboveground biomass production, plant community richness (N), and vegetation diversity (H) in Gian Rangeland, Hamedan Province, Iran. Soil and vegetation samplings were conducted based on the randomized systematic method. Soil and vegetation samplings were carried out along 100-m-long transects placed at 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m running perpendicular to six sheep corrals. The effects of various grazing intensities on studied parameters were detected by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (at α = 0.05). Results of this study indicated the soil bulk density, EC, TOC, aboveground biomass production, plant community richness, and vegetation diversity values were altered significantly at different distances from the sheep corrals. However, soil pH was not significantly affected by various grazing intensities.     

雷州半岛尾巨桉人工林林下穿透雨特征研究

为深入了解桉树生态水文过程,正确认识桉树水文功能,本文通过野外实测法,对不同林龄尾巨桉林下穿透雨进行连续观测,并结合林外降雨量分析尾巨桉人工林林下穿透雨特征及其与降雨的关系.结果发现:尾巨桉各林龄林下穿透雨量与降雨量呈极显著正相关线性模型(P＜0.01);林下穿透雨率与降雨强度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),截留率与降雨强度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),变异系数随降雨强度的增大先增大后减小,且两者均与降雨量无显著相关性;干湿季林下穿透雨率差异显著,湿季显著大于干季(P＜0.05),最大穿透雨率及最小穿透雨率分别是干季的1.17倍和3.2倍.     

Comparison of Insulin Sensitivity of Horses Adapted to Different Exercise Intensities

Diets high in concentrates and soluble carbohydrates are associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in horses. Exercise training could protect against diet-induced insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity of exercise training required to affect insulin sensitivity in stabled horses fed a diet high in concentrates but moderate in soluble carbohydrates. In all, 31 stabled horses underwent three different exercise regimens: turnout, light exercise, and moderate exercise, while being fed a diet containing 60% concentrate. Blood was sampled monthly and analyzed for insulin. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using basal insulin concentrations and calculated insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of the square root of insulin) and compared across months by analysis of variance with repeated measures. Insulin sensitivity (reciprocal of the square root of insulin) was higher during periods of moderate and light physical activity as compared with turnout. These results indicate that turnout alone may not be adequate to improve insulin sensitivity in horses fed high amounts of concentrate.     

红池坝人工草地放牧方式和放牧强度的研究

在红池坝人工草地对放牧方式和放牧强度进行比较研究,同时对已给定的载畜量加以验证,以便制定该草地的最适放牧制度。研究结果表明,适于该地区的放牧管理制度是划区轮牧;各个阶段的载畜量与牧草生长速度之间的关系可用数学模型表示为:Y=179.5＋5.48X,在每公顷7.5个绵羊单位的载畜量下进行中度放牧强度可获得草地最大产草量,并保持其稳定。     

放牧对西藏高寒嵩草草甸地上生物量空间分布的影响

以西藏自治区工布江达县的高寒嵩草（Kobresia）草甸为研究对象,利用地上生物量测定法对草地群落进行实地调查,并结合γ分布模型,从空间异质性角度来探索放牧对西藏高寒草甸地上生物量及其空间分布格局的影响,以期为高寒牧区退化草地的恢复及生产力的提高提供理论指导。结果表明：未放牧区（N）、适度放牧区（M）和重度放牧区（H）植物种地上生物量的空间分布与γ模型均具有很好的吻合性;样方内的平均生物量随着放牧强度的增大而减少,且适度放牧、重度放牧与未放牧区生物量之间均差异极显著（P<0.01）;群落的空间异质性表现为N>H>M,且草地植物种的生物量与其空间异质性负相关。因此在草地的管理与利用中,应有效控制植物群落的空间异质性来提高草地生产力,实现草畜平衡。