Stoffbildung, CO2-Gaswechsel, Kohlenhydrat- und Stickstoffgehalt von Winterweizen bei erhöhter CO2-Konzentration und Trocken-streß

Dry Matter Production, CO₂ Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO₂ Concentration and Drought Stress
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO₂ concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO₂ exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO₂ concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO₂ treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO₂ concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO₂ concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants.     

N_(98s)×特青(亚种间杂交稻)抽穗后物质生产及分配特点研究初报

对N×特青示范田中试区与肥料试验田各处理小区稻株分析结果表明:抽穗后,亚种间杂交稻N×特青比常规稻特青干物质生产能力强,灌浆速度快;地上部各器官占植株干重比例,前者叶片比重大于茎,后者茎比重大于叶。亚种间杂交稻对肥料反应敏感,抽穗后,干物质累积,植株高度,每穗总粒数和粒重均随施肥量增加而增加,在高肥区有利于进一步提高产量,但增施氮肥后,灌浆速度明显滞后。     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

不同基因型水稻镉积累动态差异分析

探讨镉(Cd)在籽粒Cd积累量差异较大的2个常规籼型水稻品种‘黄华占’（Cd低积累）和IR68144（Cd高积累）各器官中的分布差异和积累动态,分析了在大田栽培条件下2个品种全生育期和生殖生长期各组织器官的Cd积累动态过程。结果表明：成熟期两品种植株的大部分Cd都集中于根系和茎部,IR68144各器官的Cd含量都高于‘黄华占’。在整个生育期中,‘黄华占’根和茎中的Cd含量都呈缓慢上升趋势,IR68144根系Cd含量先上升后下降,最后于灌浆后期快速上升,其茎部Cd含量则先下降后上升;两品种叶片Cd含量在抽穗前变化趋势表现一直,而在抽穗后却截然相反。抽穗后,‘黄华占’剑叶和穗轴Cd含量先持续上升,后于黄熟期有所下降,而IR68144的剑叶和穗轴都呈持续上升趋势,两品种的颖壳和糙米的Cd含量也都整体上升,且同品种的两器官表现趋于一致。籽粒发育过程中,两品种糙米Cd积累量都不断地提高,但它们超过一半的Cd由抽穗后的第21~28天积累完成。     

In UV‐B Irradiated Rice High Levels of Mn Limits Chloroplasts Injury Triggered by Oxidative Stress

The molecular mechanism to control the oxidative burst exerted by Mn accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, grown in hydroponics containing 0.5, 2 and 8 mg l^–1 Mn and irradiated with a total biological effective UV‐B irradiation of 20.825 kJ m^?2, was investigated in the chloroplasts at the 15th and 21st days after germination. In both experimental periods, Mn accumulation kinetics in the leaves and in the chloroplast lamellae displayed overall increases. Coupled to higher membrane selectivity, superoxide production and acyl lipids peroxidation in the thylakoids decreased, prompting upper rates of the Hill and Mehler reactions. Connected to UV‐B irradiation, higher accumulated Mn in thylakoids was found to be chelated in a 36.5 kDa protein, with Mn/protein ratio of about 1 and high content of Gln, Asp, Glu, Leu and Gly, being its EPR spectrum characteristic of high‐spin Mn(II), in a S = 5/2 ground state. As this protein exhibited enzymatic catalysis of superoxide dismutation, it was concluded that, under UV‐B irradiation, the high internal tolerance of Oryza sativa L. to Mn during the vegetative growth also triggers the synthesis of a manganese protein that mimics superoxide dismutase functioning, therefore furnishing an additional intimate protection against oxidative stress.     

60Co γ射线对日本结缕草干种子的辐射效应研究

用不同剂量（200～500 Gy）的60Co γ射线辐射日本结缕草Zoysia japonica干种子,通过对辐射后干种子的发芽和幼苗生长情况进行了室内外观测,结果表明：低剂量辐射处理促进日本结缕草干种子的萌发,提高其发芽率,随着辐射剂量的增加,发芽率逐渐降低,临界辐射剂量（剂量率为1.0 Gy/min）为450 Gy;田间出苗率临界辐射为250 Gy,低于临界辐射剂量时,随辐射剂量的增大,田间出苗率增加,高于临界辐射剂量时,随辐射剂量增大,田间出苗率降低;不同的剂量处理,干种子发芽后根系和幼苗的生长差异显著(P＜0.05),在主根长度、幼苗高度和幼苗鲜质量方面表现为先促进后抑制,临界辐射剂量分别为400、300和250 Gy;根据辐射剂量与相对出苗率的关系折线图可以初步确定,日本结缕草干种子辐射育种的半致死剂量为480 Gy。     

内蒙古寒冷干旱地区苜蓿栽培技术模式

苜蓿是内蒙古寒冷干旱地区重要的牧草之一,在近几年的农业结构调整和生态治理中,得到了快速发展,但缺乏规范的苜蓿种植管理技术。本文阐述的苜蓿栽培技术模式,是在林西县多年苜蓿生产实践基础上产生的,而后又在生产实践中不断改进完善后形成的。该技术模式着重介绍了在内蒙古寒冷干旱地区建植苜蓿人工草地时需着重考虑的四个方面,即苜蓿品种的选择原则、播种要点、田间管理及收获技术。     

Parotid duct transposition in dogs: a retrospective review of 92 eyes from 1999 to 2009

Objective The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective review of parotid duct transposition (PDT) in the dog to determine the rate and nature of complications, the success and failure rates and to evaluate owner satisfaction. Methods Medical records of 56 dogs (92 eyes) that underwent PDT and subsequent follow‐up by a veterinary ophthalmologist were reviewed. Forty owners (40 dogs/66 eyes) were contacted by telephone and 37 owners (37 dogs/60 eyes) also completed a visual analog scale questionnaire. Statistical evaluation included Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests, one‐way analysis of variance and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with Wilcoxon and Log‐rank tests. Results The mean follow‐up was 38.7 months (range 1–109 months). The surgical success rate was 92% (85/92 eyes). Total failures (8%, 7/92 eyes) were because of severe saliva intolerance (n = 5 eyes) and PDT failure (n = 2 eyes). The complication rate was 50% (46/92 eyes) of which 61% (28/46 eyes) were managed medically and 39% (18/46 eyes) required further surgery. Ninety percent (36/40) of owners indicated that they would proceed with surgery again. Statistically significant improvements in owner perception of ocular comfort, number of daily topical treatments, ocular wetness, and postoperative vision were identified. Conclusions This study shows that PDT is a successful procedure based on clinical findings and in terms of owner perception. It has also demonstrated that PDT improves ocular comfort and vision in medically refractive cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and that a low level of on‐going management is required in 33% of cases.