基于Maize6H-60K芯片精准分型的玉米DH群体遗传规律研究

为解析玉米双单倍体（doubled haploid,DH）群体的遗传规律,使用自主研发的精准分型策略对‘先玉335’DH群体的Maize6H-60K芯片结果进行筛选校正和解析。结果表明：1）通过剔除单态、杂合、缺失标记,使用精准分型策略对标记准确聚类,获得的18 947个SNPs标记覆盖玉米全基因组。2）该群体在10条染色体上平均交换次数为1.84～1.03次,在6号染色体随体区域的交换次数显著减少。3）该群体在1、2、3、8号染色体上存在明显的偏分离现象;通过高频次、高密度的交换,染色体两臂端粒区域理论分离系数表现出回归到50%的趋势。利用获得的重组交换及分离规律可提高从DH群体中筛选到预期育种材料的准确性。     

春白萝卜新品种雪单3 号的选育

雪单3 号是利用双单倍体育种技术选育的春白萝卜新品种。母本ED0108A 是以梅花春萝卜× 白玉春萝卜进行花药培
养获得的DH 系为轮回父本，与不育系进行多次回交，转育成的雄性不育系。父本ED3128 是由迟花春萝卜× 天鸿春萝卜进行
花药培养获得的DH 系。该品种生育期60 d（天），植株开展度45 cm，裂叶，小叶11 对，叶片数20，叶簇平展，叶色深绿；
肉质根长圆柱形，白皮白肉，根长36 cm，横径7.1 cm，单根质量1.1 kg，高抗黑腐病、芜菁花叶病毒病、黄瓜花叶病毒病和花
椰菜花叶病毒病，抗霜霉病，群体整齐度高。每667 m² 产量4 000～5 000 kg。适宜在湖北、湖南、河南、山东等地区早春栽培。     

水稻剑叶性状的遗传分析和基因定位

本研究以水稻籼粳杂交(窄叶青8号×京系17)F1经花药培养, 产生的双单倍体(DH)群体和应用该群体已构建的分子图谱为基础。 采用QTL区间作图法对5个剑叶性状进行定位分析, 结果表明, 在DH群体中, 剑叶长、 宽、 长宽比和叶面积呈连续分布, 受微效多基因控制, 并且各性状均存在一定数量的超亲遗传类型。 4个性状共检测出13     

黄瓜染色体加倍研究

进行了黄瓜单(双单)倍体染色体加倍试验。结果表明,单倍体加倍频率较低,为4.1%,有待于进一步研究;双单倍体诱导纯合四倍体得到了较理想的结果,加倍频率达16.9%。     

甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养研究进展

近年来,单倍体育种逐步得到发展,游离小孢子培养是产生单倍体的较好途径,本文综述广为种植的甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢培养概况。材料的选取,小孢子的分离、培养以及提高产胚率等培养技术,并结合实际工作,分析了甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子培养的优势、潜力和当前存在的问题。     

A data transfer method for improving seed identification of maize (Zea mays) haploid breeding based on genetic similarity

Maize haploid breeding technology is able to identify haploid seeds non‐destructively, rapidly and at low cost with the help of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. However, due to the hybridization of numerous parents and the low production rate of haploid, the haploid data collection becomes a burden for engineering this technology. Biologically, there are considerable similarities between the progeny of the same female parent and different male parents. Based on this advantage, similar spectral data can be transferred when the NIR technology is employed. A revised method of Transfer adaptive boost (TrAdaBoost) is proposed to improve identifying for the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. To avoid the negative transfer, a screening thresh is used to select out similar data, and the amount of these data are limited to join current training. The results show that the identification performances are improved significantly when the data amount is small. This method shows a high ability to make the seed identification more convenient for engineering maize haploid breeding.     

玉米花粉诱导不同基因型小麦单倍体得胚率的比较及幼胚离体培养方法对成苗率的影响

选用六倍体普通小麦JYP97系列、常规材料小披白粒,9312(Z)、贵农、恒丰1号和四倍体硬粒小麦、雄性不育系HB系列(12号、11号、13号、26号)等不同倍性或不同基因型的小麦与玉米加-1、超-1、加-6、综-1、701,703等杂交,采用1/2MS培养基,剥取胚龄为14 d、大小为0.4~1.0 mm的小麦杂种幼胚,接种于培养基上,放置24~25℃黑暗条件下2~3周,置于温度为(26±1)℃、光照为1800~2 000 lx的条件下进行幼胚离体培养。结果表明:玉米花粉诱导六倍体普通小麦得胚率为5.4%,明显高于四倍体,玉米花粉诱导雄性不育系的得胚率为3.2%,高于常规材料。混合玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体得胚率4.6%,高于单一玉米花粉。采用未加任何激素的1/2MS培养基,选取14 d胚龄0.4~1.0 mm的幼胚离体培养,成苗率为81%,显著高于前人所采用的其它培养基进行幼胚离体培养的成苗率。     

油菜小孢子培养技术及其在遗传育种中的应用研究概况

小孢子培养作为一种辅助育种手段越来越受到育种家的重视,并应用于各个领域。由于影响小孢子成胚和成苗的因素较多,低诱导频率及成苗率严重限制了该技术在育种中的应用。为了全面了解小孢子胚状体发生能力及影响再生体系的各项因素,掌握该技术的研究动态和发展方向,本文总结了近年来国内外影响小孢子培养的主要因素：供体植株基因型、供体植株生长条件及生理状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基组成、培养条件,以及在双单倍体育种、诱变育种、转基因育种等领域中的应用。     

牛体外受精时老化卵对受精率与染色体异常发生的影响

通过延长体外培养时间得到牛老化卵，对其体外受精率与染色体的异常发生进行了研究，体外受精48h后的受精率，46h培养组与22h和34h培养组之间差异显著（P＜0．05），随着老化时间的延长，受精率及胚胎发育速度明显降低。染色体分析结果表明，46h组的受精卵的染色体异常发生率为61．6％，22h组44．6％，2组之间差异显著（P＜0．05），单倍体（n=31)的发生率也随着老化时间的延长而增加，这些单倍体的性染色体的构成表明，含有X－性染色体的胚的出现率显著高于含有Y－染色体的胚的出现率（P＜0．05）。单倍体的发生是由卵的老化而引起单一配子的孤雌发生，体外培养时间的延长对正常的2倍体的性别无明显影响。     

Regeneration of fertile doubled haploid plants from colchicine-supplemented media in wheat anther culture

The effect of colchicine added to induction medium for the production of fertile doubled haploid plants after in‐vitro anther culture was studied in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. For this, one winter and two spring wheat varieties were used. Anther cultures of the three genotypes were treated with 0.03% colchicine for 3 days at the beginning of microspore induction. Colchicine had no significant effect on anther response and embryoid production of the genotypes examined. However, in the winter wheat genotype ‘Mv Szigma’, colchicine caused a significant reduction in microspore‐derived structures. A significant decrease was also observed in plant regeneration ability of two genotypes (‘Vergina’ and ‘Acheloos’) after colchicine treatment. In addition, a significant reduction of the albinos produced was observed in all genotypes after olchicine treatment. In contrast, the regenerants obtained from the colchicine‐supplemented induction media produced significantly higher percentages of fertile plants in all genotypes. However, the level of fertility, was significantly different among the fertile plants obtained. This, together with the observation that in the case of the winter wheat variety the colchicine treatment resulted in 100% completely fertile plants with a high seed‐setting ability indicate that there is space for further improvement of the method when it is applied to spring cultivars. Finally, the increased number of seeds per 100 plated anthers obtained from all three genotypes after colchicine treatment, clearly demonstrates that the addition of colchicine to induction medium was superior to the conventional anther culture method and it could therefore be introduced into wheat breeding programmes.