双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织结构的影响

以组织学方法,研究了投喂不同含量双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织的影响。结果表明:在试验的前28 d,双低菜籽粕各不同含量的日粮(17%、34%、51%、68%)对草鱼甲状腺、肝脏组织没有影响,但菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼肾小管上皮出现颗粒变性。第42天后,菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼甲状腺滤泡上皮轻度增生,滤泡结构不规则;菜籽粕含量等于或大于51%的试验组草鱼肝脏出现颗粒变性和空泡变性,肾小球有透明变性,肾脏轻度淤血。在试验的第28天,双低菜籽粕含量等于或大于52.2%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,肝细胞空泡变性,有轻微的肾小球透明变性。第42天后菜籽粕含量等于或大于34.8%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,滤泡胶质的边缘出现缺刻;肝脏出现淤血,部分肝细胞坏死;肾小球透明变性,肾脏淤血。     

Digestibility of the defatted microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

The aim of the study was to investigate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of defatted biomass derived from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon postsmolts in seawater. Two experiments, one employing cold‐pelleted and the other employing extruded pellets, were carried out to determine the ADC of dry matter (DM), protein, ash and energy. The test feeds consisted of a fishmeal‐based reference feed and the algal biomass, at a ratio of 70:30, and yttrium oxide as the inert marker. The ADC of DM and protein in fish fed microalgae‐incorporated cold‐pelleted feeds were significantly higher for Nannochloropsis sp. compared with Desmodesmus sp. The Nannochloropsis sp. inclusion in extruded feeds also led to higher ADCs of DM and energy compared with Desmodesmus sp. The extrusion processing significantly increased the ADC of ash in both defatted microalgae biomass, as well as ADCs of DM in Nannochloropsis and protein in Desmodesmus sp. In conclusion, the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. was more digestible than Desmodesmus sp., and extrusion processing can be used as a means to improve digestibility of certain nutrients.     

菜籽粕对异育银鲫免疫应答能力的影响

试验鱼以投喂饲料的不同和是否注射抗原共分为10组,即免疫组:A、B、C、D、E组,免疫对照组:a、b、c、d、e组,饲料对照组:A、a组.饲料试验组B、C、D、b、c、d、e组.其中,饲料对照组以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,饲料试验组分别以双低菜籽粕和普通菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中50%(B、b;D、d)和100%(C、c;E、e)的豆粕蛋白,测定异育银鲫血液白细胞和头肾吞噬细胞的吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性、血清补体(C3,C4)含量、血清凝集抗体效价及免疫保护率.结果表明:从免疫后21 d开始,饲料试验组E、e、C、c组的各项免疫指标都显著低于相应饲料对照组;在49 d,D、d组的部分免疫指标也显著低于相应饲料对照组;B、b组和相应饲料对照组之间没有显著的变化.免疫组的各项免疫指标均显著高于相对应的投喂相同饲料的免疫对照组.     

罗非鱼鱼皮提取明胶的酶法脱脂工艺研究

用脂肪酶对罗非鱼鱼皮进行酶法脱脂工艺研究。通过单因素与正交试验确定最适的酶法脱脂工艺为:pH值9,脱脂时间3h,酶添加量2%,料液比1:4,温度40℃,该工艺的脱脂率可达67.5%。通过超声波辅助脱脂研究表明其脱脂率并无明显的提高。     

油研10号高产栽培和常规栽培的产质量比较研究

通过对双低杂交油菜油研10号高产栽培和常规栽培对比试验,对产量、产油量、品质性状、经济效益和植株性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,高产栽培平均产量3 177.25 kg/hm2,平均产油量1 408.57 kg/hm2,比常规栽培平均增产37.96%和32.26%,增产均达极显著水平;高产栽培平均产值7 625.4元/hm2,比常规栽培平均增加2 098.2元/hm2,差异达极显著水平;高产栽培平均纯收益与常规栽培差异不显著;高产栽培平均含油量及平均油酸含量均降低,与常规栽培差异达显著水平;平均饼粕蛋白质含量增加,与常规栽培差异达极显著水平;其余的7个品质性状与常规栽培差异不显著。在高产栽培条件下双低杂交油菜油研10号获得高产的同时,品质和经济效益较好。     

6个双低油菜品系饲用性能比较及农艺性状、营养成分动态变化

为筛选适宜川东北地区种植的饲用油菜新品种,以6个双低油菜新品系为试验材料,对不同刈割时期的生物产量、植物学特性、营养成分,及油菜农艺性状与营养品质动态变化进行测定,并对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：(1)初花期进行第1次刈割,各品系具较好再生性,整个生长季可实现2次刈割,刈割间隔为 35～37 天;2 次刈割时鲜草产量分别为 43.24～50.89、13.94～20.03 t/hm²,年鲜草产量为 57.40～70.46 t/hm²,年干草产量为 6.11～7.28 t/hm²,其中,‘中绵油 783’鲜草产量最高,为 70.46 t/hm²,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系。(2)初次刈割时各品系农艺性状存在显著差异,‘南油 714’株高显著高于(P<0.05)其他品系,达 162.11 cm;‘中绵油 783’叶片数最多,为 19.11 片;‘南油 658’茎叶比最低,为 0.91。(3)第1次刈割时‘南油12’粗蛋白含量为15.64%,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系;...     

脱脂蚕蛹替代日粮中鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群的影响

利用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)研究脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)肠道菌群的影响。6个饲养组分别饲喂6种等氮等能饲料, 分别为含10%鱼粉的基础饲料、3种替代饲料(脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉蛋白, 替代水平分别为25%、50%和75%)及2组分别在50%和75%替代基础上分别再添加0.6%和0.7%晶体赖氨酸的饲料 (分别记为DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)。饲养结束后采集肠道样品, 分析建立指纹图谱, DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys组分别产生了19、15、11、12、8和12条可鉴别条带, 各组均存在优势种群条带。DSP0和其他各组(DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)的相似性指数为50.7%、50.6%、69.0%、42.4%、66.7%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序, 共得到19条序列, 将得到的序列在NCBI数据库中进行同源分析, 发现建鲤肠道菌群归为芽孢杆菌纲、螺旋体纲、β-变形菌纲、梭菌纲、放线菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、蓝藻纲、拟杆菌纲、梭杆菌纲等, 大部分为不可培养细菌。研究发现, 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群组成产生显著影响, 随着脱脂蚕蛹替代水平的提高, 肠道菌群多样性下降, 细菌种类从19种锐减至8种, 而饲料中补充赖氨酸可减弱这种影响, 本研究可为蚕蛹在鲤配合饲料中的开发应用提供参考资料。

     

Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2⁴ factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P < 0.05) and negative influence on most breadmaking characteristics. Although HP had positive effect on farinograph stability, it was identified as another main factor that negatively impacted the oven spring and bread loaf volume. Bran oil and EP seemed to be detrimental to most breadmaking characteristics. Overall, statistical analysis indicates that influence of the four bran components are highly complex. The bran components demonstrate multi-way interactions in regards to their influence on dough and bread-making characteristics. Particularly, Fiber appeared to have a high degree of interaction with other bran components and notably influenced the functionality of those components in whole wheat bread-making.     

4个双低甘蓝型油菜品种干物质积累及养分吸收动态

采用田问试验研究了4种双低油菜整个生育期内干物质积累及氮磷钾养分吸收动态.结果表明:播种后140 d(苗期)、140～170 d(蕾薹期)、170～199 d(花期)和199～212 d(角果期)4个油菜品种的干物质积累比例分别为12.7%～20.9%、15.3%～20.0%、60.3%～71.7%和-27.4%～-9.1%;氮素积累比例分别为33.3%～47.8%、11.9%～14.7%、15.5%～28.1%和17.7%～28.8%;磷素积累比例分别为23.4%～37.9%、22.5%～29.4%、32.7%～54.1%和-17.2%～-3.O%;钾素积累比例分别为24.7%～33.9%、16.2%～35.9%、31.0%～53.3%和-43.0～-23.5%.表明油菜干物质累积与养分吸收量的变化趋势基本相同,氮素积累量最大时期为苗期,干物质、磷、钾积累量最大时期为花期,干物质及氮磷钾养分积累速率最大时期均为花期.每生产100 kg籽粒养分的需求量平均为N 4.3 kg、P2O5 2.7 kg和K2O 8.7 kg.在同等施肥量水平下,4个油菜品种中,华油杂9号籽粒产量最高,达3 574 kg/hm2;N、P、K养分偏生产力顺序为:中双9号>华油杂9号>华双5号>华双4号.     

双低杂交油菜‘丰油10号’干物质积累及养分吸收规律

为了解双低杂交油菜新品种‘丰油10号’养分吸收利用规律,以‘丰油10号’为材料,在河南油菜主产区进行田间试验,分析了油菜各器官干物质积累量以及成熟期氮、磷、钾、硫、硼养分的累积量。结果表明:油菜全株干物质积累量随生育进程的推进呈"S"形变化曲线,蕾薹期至花期呈快速增长趋势;油菜籽粒产量与苗期干物质积累量呈抛物线关系(R2=0.9798**),与开花期-成熟期干物质净增量呈显著线性关系(R=0.9879**)。籽粒是氮、磷的分配中心,分别占总吸收量的73.32%和75.16%;钾主要分布在茎枝和角果壳中,籽粒中钾素仅占总吸收量的21.31%;硫主要分布在角果壳和籽粒中;硼元素主要分布在茎枝和籽粒中,占总吸收量的69.89%;根中各养分分布均最少,分配比例也最低。新品种‘丰油10号’地上部分与全株干物质积累量均随生育时期的推进呈现"慢—快—慢"的变化曲线,根、茎、叶中的养分N和P在花期后会转移到籽粒中,因此,油菜花期前保证充足的养分供给是高产的前提。