乌梁素海湿地环境与资源地理信息系统的研究

本系统建立乌梁素海湿地基础地形库、生态库、资源库、工程档案库、遥感影像库等基础数据库及信息发布系统 ,使 GPS、GIS、RS紧密结合 ,同时实现了专家决策支持系统与地理信息系统之间的一体化集成。本系统可以为乌梁素海湿地生态治理与资源开发提供全方位的数据信息及其管理 ,对生态工程规划与实施方案进行优化设计 ,并提供实时监控服务。     

The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making

Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization.     

基于HACCP系统的城市污水资源化利用研究

危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)是一个识别危害并建立控制系统的工具和预防危害的系统方法,在介绍HACCP体系的基本原理和在国内外污水资源化领域应用的基础上,提出污水资源化过程中的关键控制点、监控系统、关键限值和纠偏行动等,以加强污水资源化过程的质量控制和风险管理,确保人体健康和生态安全。     

大凌河流域初始水权分配方法比较分析

大凌河流域缺水比较严重,对其进行初始水权分配能有效配置水资源,使有限的水资源得到合理的利用,为使各地分得的初始水权更加准确,以公平性、有效性和可持续性原则为指导,建立了相应的指标体系,并分别运用模糊决策和层次分析法对大凌河流域初始水权进行分配,并对两种分配方法进行了比较分析,力求各地权重趋于合理化,最终选择层次分析法做为大凌河流域初始水权分配的方法。     

The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.     

油菜品种抗蚜性多目标模糊综合决策

作者采用模糊统计回归法，建立了油菜品种的自然感蚜量、蚜虫在品种上的“累积存活率”，平均发育历期、平均产仔量、内禀增长率及品种耐害性、干扰效应等抗性指的模糊隶属函数，建立了品种抗蚜性的模糊综合决策模型。结果表明，１２个品种抗性强弱为：红叶芥＞咸阳７４－１＞甘油５号＞８８６３１＞７２１１＞７５－１＞波力木耳＞８８６３８＞德国１５选株＞华油９号＞秦油３号＞秦油２号。同时作者提出的一套衡量品种抗性的指禁     

政府投资项目投资决策体系浅析

改善政府投资项目的投资决策体系具有十分重要的现实意义,这也是政府投资项目管理的重要组成部分。文章从政府投资项目全过程管理的角度,分析了我国现行的政府投资项目的审批制度和投资控制的全过程,针对存在的弊端,提出了建立政府项目投资决策体系的建议。     

双碳目标下退役农机产品拆解规划与EOL决策集成优化

退役农机产品回收再利用,不仅是对其剩余价值的再利用,也是实现可持续发展和循环经济的客观要求,对实现碳达峰、碳中和目标有重要意义。该研究基于双碳目标要求剖析退役农机产品拆解规划和EOL (end-of-life)决策集成优化问题,考虑拆解再制造过程中碳排放成本,以实现经济环境效益的最优化。首先,构建拆解再制造集成优化模型(disassembly remanufacturing integrated optimization, DRIO);其次,提出一种改进的人工蜂群算法(improved artificial bee colony algorithm, IABC)对构建的数学模型进行迭代求解,引入logistic映射生成初始解,雇佣蜂阶段和守望蜂阶段加入邻域搜索机制,侦察蜂阶段采用了轮盘赌方法,以获得利润高且碳排放成本低的拆解再制造帕累托方案;最后,通过联合收获机电机拆解再制造实例验证所提模型的有效性和改进算法的可行性。结果表明,所提DRIO模型的经济效益相较于DRIO-D和DRIO-R模型分别提高了62.1%和54.8%,碳排放成本比DRIO-D模型减少约50%。IABC算法相比于经典人工蜂群算法的求解时间缩短了19.3%,可行解数量增加了28.6%,相比于蚁群算法的求解时间缩短47.8%,可行解数量增加1倍。对于超体积值,人工蜂群算法（2.695）与蚁群算法（2.377）相近,但均小于IABC算法（2.813）。对于间距度量值,蚁群算法（0.0523）低于人工蜂群算法（0.0682）,IABC算法（0.0416）最低。运用该研究所构建的拆解规划集成优化模型,可有效提高废旧农机产品拆解回收的经济效益,减少碳排放,可为相关标准制定提供重要依据,为农机可拆解性设计提供决策支撑。     

基于WebGIS的杂交棉生产管理专家决策系统构建

基于WebGIS的杂交棉生产管理专家决策系统是针对新疆杂交棉规模化生产管理的需要,综合土壤、品种、气象与专家决策模型,集成ComGIS、数据库、ASP.NET等技术建立的系统。采用B/S(浏览器/服务器)模式,可在网络平台对空间数据进行发布和共享,实现了杂交棉生产管理专家决策模型网络化运行,提高了用户对杂交棉的生产、决策与管理水平。     

基于抗体筛查的美国猪群流行性腹泻病毒真流行率分布推断

养殖家畜的冠状病毒,如猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV),其基因序列与蝙蝠体内冠状病毒基因序列高度相似,可引起猪肠道感染并导致仔猪大量死亡,对动物健康危害极大.本研究基于对美国猪群PEDV流行毒株表观流行率的数据挖掘作为先验信息,以2019年美国生猪入境中国西南...