我国循环经济立法方向刍议

根据国外的经验,循环经济立法多从某个特定的方向开始,然后逐渐形成一个完整的体系。我国虽然制定了《循环经济促进法》这一循环经济基本法,但是不论在实践中、还是在立法上都存在很多不足和缺陷。目前循环经济是实现可持续发展的最好途径之一,建立完善的循环经济法律体系,应先确定立法方向。     

Marine Cyclic Peptides: Antimicrobial Activity and Synthetic Strategies

Oceans are a rich source of structurally unique bioactive compounds from the perspective of potential therapeutic agents. Marine peptides are a particularly interesting group of secondary metabolites because of their chemistry and wide range of biological activities. Among them, cyclic peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including against bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Moreover, there are several examples of marine cyclic peptides revealing interesting antimicrobial activities against numerous drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making these compounds a very promising resource in the search for novel antimicrobial agents to revert multidrug-resistance. This review summarizes 174 marine cyclic peptides with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral properties. These natural products were categorized according to their sources—sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, crabs, marine bacteria, and fungi—and chemical structure—cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. The antimicrobial activities, including against drug-resistant microorganisms, unusual structural characteristics, and hits more advanced in (pre)clinical studies, are highlighted. Nocathiacins I–III (91–93), unnarmicins A (114) and C (115), sclerotides A (160) and B (161), and plitidepsin (174) can be highlighted considering not only their high antimicrobial potency in vitro, but also for their promising in vivo results. Marine cyclic peptides are also interesting models for molecular modifications and/or total synthesis to obtain more potent compounds, with improved properties and in higher quantity. Solid-phase Fmoc- and Boc-protection chemistry is the major synthetic strategy to obtain marine cyclic peptides with antimicrobial properties, and key examples are presented guiding microbiologist and medicinal chemists to the discovery of new antimicrobial drug candidates from marine sources.     

辽宁省循环经济发展水平区域差异分析

循环经济是实现资源型城市经济转型、可持续发展的有效方式之一。科学评价循环经济发展水平对区域可持续发展及确定其未来发展方向有重要意义。根据国家统计局制定的循环经济评价指标体系和"3R"原则构建了辽宁省循环经济评价指标体系。运用模糊综合评判方法和GIS方法对辽宁省循环经济发展水平区域差异作了定量分析。结果表明:辽宁省14个地区循环经济发展水平差异显著,整体上沿海地区好于内陆地区;沈大沿线好于周边地区,并向东西两侧逐级递减;资源型城市水平普遍偏低;辽西半干旱地区水平最低。最后分析影响辽宁循环经济发展的主要因素,并提出循环经济发展建议。     

Nitric oxide impacts bovine sperm capacitation in a cGMP‐dependent and cGMP‐independent manner

We aimed to elucidate whether NO acts in in vitro sperm capacitation in bovine via cGMP/PKG1 pathway. For this, cryopreserved bovine sperm were capacitated in vitro with 20 µg/ml heparin (Control) plus treatments: 1 mM L‐arginine (L‐arg, NO precursor), 50 µM Rp‐8‐Bromo‐β‐phenyl‐1,N²‐ethenoguanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, selective inhibitor of the binding site for cGMP in PKG1), 1 mM 2‐Phenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide (PTIO, NO scavenger), and the combinations of L‐arg + RP‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and L‐arg + PTIO. Sperm motility and vigour were determined by phase‐contrast microscopy, capacitation status by chlortetracycline staining, and the intracellular concentration of cGMP was measured by ELISA. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared with SNK test at 5% probability. Motility and vigour were lower in sperm treated with PTIO when compared to Control and other treatments (p < .05). The L‐arg treatment showed the highest percentage of capacitated sperm when compared to the Control and other treatments (Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and PTIO) (69.8 ± 3.4%, 51.2 ± 3.0, 51.1 ± 2.1, 51.2 ± 3.0 and 45.5 ± 2.7, respectively) (p < .05). The capacitation ratio (%) was lower in treatments with Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and PTIO, respectively (p < .05). Lastly, cGMP concentration (pmol/ml) was lower in PTIO and L‐arg + PTIO (1.3 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.4) and was higher in Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS (3.7 ± 0.4 and 4.0 ± 0.5) treatments. We showed that during in vitro capacitation of cattle: (a) NO influences sperm motility and vigour; (b) NO is associated with cGMP synthesis through two independent pathways and (c) the cGMP/PKG1 pathway has a partial role in sperm capacitation and does not involve the L‐arg/NO.     

磷酸二酯酶在猪卵巢的表达与相关中药对其活性的影响

为了测定猪卵巢组织磷酸二酯酶（PDE）同工酶基因表达类型与活性规律，研究相关中药的作用机理，为繁殖障碍性疾病治疗积累资料。作者提取中国实验用小型猪卵巢组织总RNA，应用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）测定PDE同工酶在其中的表达。选取催情散等复方及单味药，运用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）根据作用前后cAMP/cGMP含量的变化，分析对PDE活性的影响。结果检测的18个PDE亚型中除PDE4C外，PDE 1A、1B、1C、2A、3A、3B、4A、4B、4D、5A、7A、7B、8A、8B、9A、10A、11A mRNA在卵巢组织中均有表达。卵巢组织PDE活性较强，其中cGMP-PDE活性大于cAMP-PDE活性。催情散对卵巢组织cGMP-PDE活性均有较强的抑制作用，其中单味药淫阳藿作用最强。研究结果表明卵巢组织含有丰富的PDE同工酶，在通过环核苷酸水平卵巢机能调节中发挥着重要作用，中药催情散的作用与显著抑制cGMP-PDE活性有关。     

基于循环经济的企业科技创新的动力研究

首先搭建了一个基于循环经济的企业科技创新动力模式的分析框架，通过分析循环经济的利益相关主体之间的关系和利益形成过程，进一步深入分析在发展循环经济中企业科技创新乏力的原因并提出动力机制建立的思路和建议。     

加快发展循环经济 促进重庆可持续发展

近年来，人类社会面临人口剧增、资源短缺和环境污染的严峻现实。在这种背景下，各国人民纷纷探索有利于环境保护和经济发展的新的经济模式。其中，循环经济模式成为世界各国经济转型的选择热点。重庆是长江上游最大的经济中心，也是我国面积最大、人口最多、最为年轻的直辖市，面对重庆市人口、环境、资源日益加剧的潜在压力，提出了重庆市发展循环经济的对策，促进重庆社会经济的可持续发展。     

Effect of cGMP on voltage-gated potassium channel in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from rats exposed to chronic hypoxia

AIM: To investigate the effect of cGMP on voltage-gated potassium channel in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. METHODS: (1) Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (group A) and chronic hypoxia group (group B). Then group B received hypoxia 8 hours per day for 4 consecutive weeks. (2) Single PASMC was obtained via acute enzyme separation method. (3) Conventional whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record resting membrane potential (Em) and ion currents of voltage-gated potassium channel. The changes of ion currents of voltage-gated potassium channel before and after applying cGMP (1 mmol/L), an agonist of protein kinase G (PKG), and cGMP plus H-8 (1 mmol/L), an inhibitor of PKG were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The Em of group B were significantly lower than that of group A. The ion currents of voltage-gated potassium channel in group A and group B were all significantly inhibited by cGMP [control group: from (118.0±5.0) pA/pF to (89.9±16.5) pA/pF, n=6, P＜0.05;chronic hypoxia group: from (81.0±5.0) pA/pF to (56.8±9.1) pA/pF, n=6, P＜0.05]and these effects were reversed by H-8 [control group: from (119.2±10.3) pA/pF to (117.8±9.1) pA/pF, n=6, P＞0.05;chronic hypoxia group: from (96.8±6.2)　pA/pF to (98.0±2.2)　pA/pF, n=6, P＞0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: The currents of voltage-gated potassium channel was inhibited by chronic hypoxic. The inhibitory effect of cGMP on currents of voltage-gated potassium channel in PASMCs from both normal and chronic hypoxic rats may be probably through the phosphorylation of voltage-gated potassium channel.     

脾脏小分子活性物质对粤黄鸡生长及血浆环核苷酸水平的影响

将180只1日龄健康粤黄公鸡随机均分为4组，试验组每周分别注射允许脾脏小分子活性物质的组份Ⅰ，组份Ⅱ－Ⅲ（0.5mL/只），对照组注射等量灭菌PBS，每周称重并计算饲料消耗，第4，6，8，10周龄时分别采集血样，采用竞争性蛋白结合法（CPBA）和放射免疫测定法（RIA）分别测定血浆中cAMP和cGMP的浓,结果表明，注射鸡脾脏小分子活性物质组份－Ⅰ和组份－Ⅲ可明显促进粤黄鸡生长，提高血浆cAMP水平和cAMP/cGMP比值。