Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.     

Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop-growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high-yielding cultivars, narrow-row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1-[4-chlorophenoxy]-3,3-dimethyl-1-[1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-2-butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop-growing season.     

Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

Analysis of a Long-term Experiment with Repeated-measurement Models

Long‐term experiments are a classical case of repeated measurements. Traits are measured on the same experimental unit over many years so that correlations arise between the observations made on the same plot in consecutive years. This paper describes the analysis of a three‐crop‐rotation long‐term experiment. We analysed the yields of the crops and the organic carbon content in the topsoil over 30 consecutive years. Several variance–covariance approaches are discussed and the trait‐specific best fit is interpreted. Mixed models are used to describe the structure of the experiment. Both yields and soil organic carbon show a more or less pronounced variance heterogeneity. Especially for yields, the heterogeneity of cycles and years is dominant. The consideration of correlations results in a better model fit in all cases.     

苦皮藤素类似物的合成与结构鉴定

以苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus Max.提取物水解产物中的多羟基β-二氢沉香呋喃为原料,合成了对粘虫Mythimna separata具有毒杀活性的苦皮藤素(Celangulin)类似物,并在活性追踪的指导下分离得到了两个具有杀虫活性的苦皮藤素类似物 A和B, 其结构经核磁共振谱、快原子轰击质谱、高分辨质谱等波谱学方法鉴定为2β,6α,8β,13-四异丁酰氧基-1β,4α,9α-三羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃及1β,2β,6α,8β,13-五异丁酰氧基-4α,9α-二羟基-β-二氢沉香呋喃。化合物 A和B 均为新化合物,在20 mg/mL的浓度下对三龄粘虫Mythimna separata的胃毒活性(死亡率)分别为89.5%和93.2%。     

基于船舶观测的黑潮延伸体典型涡对的三维结构分析

为了理解黑潮延伸体(KE)区域活跃的中尺度过程,认识该海域中尺度涡旋的三维结构,以及中尺度涡旋在水团再分配、海-气相互作用方面起到的贡献。本文基于船舶观测和卫星遥感数据,研究了2022年6?7月之间分别分布于KE主流轴南北两侧的一个气旋式涡旋(CE)和反气旋式涡旋(AE)构成的典型涡对三维结构特征。结果表明：(1) CE存在南向跨锋运动,剪切强迫主导了该CE的运动过程;AE则相对稳定地存在;(2) CE的“冷舌”结构在海表增温和黑潮暖水扩散作用下逐渐消退;由于对CE所携带冷水的夹带作用,AE表现出“反涡旋海表面温度异常”的结构;(3) 该涡对内部温盐异常的多核结构与不同特性水团垂向再分配作用有关,AE内部流场斜压强,理查德森数小于临界值0.25的占比达50%左右,说明易引发湍流混合;CE上层垂向结构稳定,正压性强,使跨密面混合难以进行。该研究工作有助于提升对KE区域涡对特征和涡旋内部结构的认识,为进一步的涡旋动力研究提供支撑。     

配筋混凝土砌块高层设计时应注意的几个问题

针对配筋混凝土砌块高层设计,提出砌块空腔墙的应用,注意合理设置水平配筋,配筋砌块深梁,控制底框房屋层间抗侧刚度比及高层墙体的裂缝问题.     

德南牛全基因组变异解析和功能基因挖掘

[目的]研究德南牛的群体遗传结构和解析影响其重要性状的关键基因。[方法]通过主成分分析、群体进化树分析、群体遗传结构分析等方法,研究德南牛的遗传结构和与其他品种的亲缘关系;同时,利用全基因组SNP数据,计算德南牛与德国黄牛、南阳牛群体固定指数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(π ratio)、复合似然比(CLR)、XP-EHH等多种选择信号指标,以筛选出德南牛基因组上受到选择的信号,鉴定出重要的候选基因。[结果] 德南牛具有欧洲普通牛(0.789)、东亚牛(0.176)、中国瘤牛(0.035)的混合血统。在θπ和CLR方法中鉴定出93个共有基因,使用FST和XP-EHH方法鉴定出17个共有基因。进行富集以及基因功能注释后,发现这些基因可能与生殖性能(TUBB3、NSD2、GRM1、ERBB4)、生长性状(RFX3、FGFR3、GABRB1、PDE4D)、环境适应性(PGR、GRIA4)和免疫系统反应(P2RY12、P2RY13、GPR87、P2RY14、GPR171)有关。[结论]本项研究发现德南牛血统受德国黄牛影响较多,且挖掘了德南牛基因组内可能具有经济意义的性状相关的选择特征,为德南牛种群的选育提高提供理论支撑。     

不同水稻种植模式下淹水及排干期土壤性质和微生物的变化

为揭示不同水稻种植模式、不同水分管理时期对稻田土壤性质和微生物的作用效应,利用长期定位监测试验比较分析单季稻不施肥、单季稻单施化肥、烟稻轮作 3种种植模式和淹水期、排干期 2种水分管理条件下稻田土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明：烟稻轮作模式稻田土壤有机质、全氮质量分数分别比单季稻模式提高了 32.88%~34.79%和 38.22%~44.39%。淹水期稻田土壤可溶性总氮以可溶性有机氮为主,占 56.06%~62.54%;排干期以硝态氮为主,占 62.34%~74.05%。烟稻轮作模式可显著提高淹水和排干条件下稻田土壤中可溶性有机氮和铵态氮质量分数,但对硝态氮质量分数的影响不明显。相较单季稻处理,烟稻轮作模式提高了稻田细菌Sobs、Shannon和Ace指数。好氧或兼性厌氧的酸杆菌属、黄色杆菌属均是3种水稻种植模式的优势菌属。3种种植模式淹水条件下稻田脱硫弧菌属、互营杆菌属等硫酸盐还原菌类存在显著差异,排干条件下硝化螺旋菌属也存在显著差异。淹水条件下烟稻轮作模式稻田土壤甲烷氧化菌相关的甲烷氧化单加氧酶基因α-亚基（pomA）的绝对丰度比单季稻处理降低了18.45%~18.54%。可见,水稻种植的淹水期和排干期的土壤可溶性氮组成和细菌群落结构存在显著差异;而烟稻轮作模式较单季稻模式可提高土壤肥力,改善微生物群落结构,增加硫酸盐还原菌类细菌丰度,降低产甲烷菌相关的甲基辅酶M还原酶基因丰度。     

热解温度对玉米芯生物炭碳结构、灰分与吸附四环素的影响

生物炭灰分和碳结构在抗生素吸附过程中的影响尚不明确。本文以玉米芯为原料,在300~800 ℃下热解制备生物炭（CBCs）及除灰分生物炭（CBCs_AW）,研究热解温度对生物炭灰分和碳结构的影响,探究灰分和碳形态与四环素（TC）吸附行为之间的关系。结果表明,随着热解温度升高,生物炭的碳结构由未完全碳化有机质（300 ℃）逐渐转化为石墨碳结构（800 ℃）,吸附实验结果显示CBC800_AW的吸附量最大,证实石墨碳结构是促进TC吸附量增加的重要因素。CBCs_AW对TC吸附量高于CBCs,说明灰分对TC吸附有一定抑制作用。分析TC吸附性能与生物炭理化性质的相关性,结果显示吸附量与生物炭比表面积、孔体积、芳香性和石墨化程度相关性较高,推测TC的主要吸附机理为孔隙填充作用和π-π电子供体-受体相互作用。研究结果可为生物质资源化利用和抗生素污染修复提供科学依据。