Effect of Completion of Vernalization on Generative Development of Winter Rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) Plants

Germinating seeds and young plants of winter rape var. Górczañski were vernalized for 56–63 days under conditions of 9-hour day, at the temperature 2 and 5 °C and in continuous darkness at the temperature 2 °C. After vernalization the plants grew under conditions enabling to complete vernalization: in a glass-house at the temperature day/night 15/10 °C and in semi natural conditions of open vegetation hall in the period from June till August. After sub-optimal vernalization further growth of the plants at lowered temperature increased its effectiveness (completion of vernalization). Depending on the degree of the vernalization of the plants the completion of their vernalization was both obligatory, i.e. conditioning the acquisition of the ability of generative development, and facultative i.e. accelerating this development. It has been demonstrated that the population of plants of the examined variety is strongly differentiated not only with respect of vernalization requirements in the particular plants, but also what regards the effectiveness of vernalization completion. New observations have been made indicating that the mechanisms controlling the successive phases of generative development, i.e. phase of forming flower buds and the flowering phase are not identical which may be interpreted as indicating that the "flowering factor" is polymorphous.     

基于遥感信息和产量形成过程的小麦估产模型

为提高小麦遥感估产的精确性和机理性,在广域环境条件下进行了多品种小麦的种植试验,并基于遥感信息获取的瞬时性与广域性,结合小麦产量形成的生理生态过程及其与气候环境的相互关系,建立了较为简化的小麦估产模型.通过组件化的设计方法实现了遥感信息和估产模型的耦合,即利用抽穗期遥感影像反演的LAI和生物量及时替换小麦估产模型对应参数变量,进而实现对小麦产量的估测.通过试验验证,小麦产量的预测值与实测值较为一致,预测小麦产量的RMSE为354.18 kg·ha-1,利用小麦估产模型可以对不同年份、不同区域的小麦产量形成情况进行监测预报.     

两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶光合特性和水分利用对光强的响应

以超高产小麦兰考矮早八和豫麦49为材料,研究了开花期旗叶光合与水分利用对光强的响应。结果表明:开花期,随着光强的增加,旗叶光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)均表现不同程度增大,超过一定的光强后反而下降;但胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光强的增加而降低。与豫麦49相比,兰考矮早八在较高光强下旗叶仍表现出较高的光合特性与水分利用。     

基于GF-6/WFV卫星遥感的大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量估测

为对大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量（LNC）进行快速、准确及无损监测,通过在江苏省泰州泰兴市、盐城大丰区和南通如皋市布设冬小麦遥感监测大田试验,在获取试验样点冬小麦冠层红光波段反射率（RED_ref）、近红外波段反射率（NIR_ref）和计算的十个光谱指数（RVI、NDVI、DVI、SAVI、OSAVI、MSR、RDVI、EVI2、NLI和SVI）基础上,将12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC进行相关分析,选出与LNC相关性较好的作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型, 并利用GF-6/WFV卫星遥感影像对县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布开展监测。结果表明,12个遥感光谱指标与冬小麦LNC之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中NDVI、RVI、MSR、OSAVI和NLI与冬小麦LNC的相关性较好（相关系数不低于0.65）。将优选的5个遥感光谱指标作为模型输入变量,构建基于BP神经网络的冬小麦LNC估测模型（LNC-BPEM）,模型的估测精度r²=0.866,RMSE=0.246%,ARE=12.9%。将冬小麦LNC-BPEM估测模型和GF-6/WFV影像结合对县域冬小麦LNC的空间信息监测,获得了如皋县域冬小麦LNC的空间分布特征,该区域冬小麦LNC范围在0.9%~2.0%（长势正常）的种植面积为29 693.3 hm²,占冬小麦总种植面积的74%。这说明利用GF-6/WFV卫星的多个遥感光谱指标与神经网络结合建模可有效估测县域大田冬小麦叶片氮素含量。     

苗后除草剂喷施时期对杂草防治及冬油菜产量和品质的影响

为了探究苗后除草剂不同施用时期对北方冬油菜田间杂草的防控效果及其对冬油菜生长、产量和品质的影响,以当地主栽甘蓝型冬油菜天油2266和白菜型冬油菜天油H614为试验材料,选用对冬油菜安全的苗后除草剂高效氟吡甲禾灵,设置4个喷施时期处理,于2018-2019年开展大田试验。结果表明,越冬后不同时期喷施苗后除草剂,甘蓝型冬油菜田间杂草总数较对照减少57.54%~92.56%,杂草总鲜重较对照降低75.40%~97.48%,第2时期（3月25日）处理产量较对照增加354.50kg/hm²;白菜型冬油菜田间杂草株防效和鲜重防效分别为55.91%~92.02%和37.17%~97.46%,产量较对照增加2.29%~16.77%。因此,在冬油菜大量返青但未封行前施用苗后除草剂,可显著防控田间杂草并增加冬油菜籽粒产量。     

‘小偃60’在不同水氮条件下的用水特性

以过筛土壤为培养基础,以圆形桶为容器,设置了3个水分梯度(W0、W1、W2,分别为田间持水量的50%、65%、80%)、4个氮素梯度(N0、N1、N2、N3,施氮量分别为每桶0 g·kg?1、0.10 g·kg?1、0.20 g·kg?1、0.29 g·kg?1),探究冬小麦新品系‘小偃60’干物质积累与分配、水分利用效率、光合参数的变化规律,为其推广及高产高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,水、氮均对冬小麦生物量及产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶水势、叶片净光合速率等有显著影响,且水对籽粒产量的主效应大于氮肥。水分和氮肥适宜处理(W2N2)比水分和氮肥轻度亏缺处理(W1N1)增产66.03%,W1N1比水分和氮肥严重亏缺(W0N0)增产153.30%。在相同水分处理下,冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值随着施氮量的升高而升高,而在相同施氮量条件下,水分严重亏缺处理(W0)和水分适宜处理(W2)的冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值均低于水分轻度亏缺处理(W1)。水分对叶片水势为正效应,表现为随着土壤含水量的增加显著升高到不明显升高趋势。光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)均随着施氮量的增加而升高,Pn、Tr随土壤水分提高而上升,WUEi却随土壤水分提高而下降。在低氮(N1)或者不施氮肥(N0)条件下,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)随水分的增加表现先升高而后变化不明显的变化趋势;在适宜氮肥(N2)和高氮(N3)条件下,WUEy随着水分的增加而升高。通过对试验结果的分析得出如下结论:1合理的水氮管理使‘小偃60’的籽粒产量及水分利用效率(WUE)维持在较高水平,过多水肥均引起产量及WUE下降;2不同水氮下籽粒产量、水分利用效率均与叶片净光合速率显著正相关;3‘小偃60’在河北环渤海地区更适合在低水中肥条件下种植。     

冬季不供热简易产蛋鸡舍的设计与应用研究

通过实验表明:在冬季最低气温-28.3℃的黑龙江省密山市饲养产蛋鸡,只要鸡舍保温良好,适当增加鸡的饲养密度,不用供热,也可保持鸡舍内温度在13℃—15℃的最佳鸡产蛋环境温度;在151天的冬季里实验组鸡,按入舍鸡计算平均每只鸡产蛋103.8个,产蛋率为68.74%,仅比对供热取暖鸡舍的对照组鸡群产蛋率低0.5%,故在寒冷的黑龙江省推广产蛋鸡舍冬季不供热是完全可能的,其经济效益也是显著的。     

2022年夏收粮油作物生育期气象条件及其影响分析

基于主产区气象观测站和农业气象站实测气象资料和作物发育期资料,计算冬小麦和油菜生长季的气候适宜度和灾害指数等参数,评价该阶段气象条件对夏收粮油作物的利弊影响。结果显示：2021/2022年度冬小麦、油菜生育期内,产区大部光热充足、土壤墒情适宜,冻害、干旱等农业气象灾害影响程度偏轻,气候适宜度高于上年和近5a平均值,气象条件利于夏收粮油作物生长发育和产量形成;成熟收获期间多晴好天气,收获进度快、质量高。但北方冬麦区秋播期多雨渍涝,冬小麦播种期明显推迟,冬前壮苗比例偏少、分蘖不足。江南和贵州等油菜产区冬季持续阴雨寡照,影响油菜发育进程。     

汉中地区油菜“3414”肥效试验

进行了油菜"3414"肥效试验,结果表明:油菜产量随着氮、磷、钾施用量的增加而增大,但当肥料施用量超过N 15.65 kg/666.67 m2,P2O5 5.97 kg/666.67 m2,K2O 3.75 kg/666.67 m2时,油菜的产量随着施肥量的增大而减小。各处理中,产量最高的为N2P2K1。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.