我国玉米单产与全要素生产率贡献分解测算及动态特征考察

基于索洛余值法和随机前沿法测算2003～2019年间玉米的全要素生产率,并将单产增长率和全要素生产率进行贡献分解,分析长期以来我国玉米单产增长和全要素生产率变化的原因。结果表明,2003～2019年间,中国玉米单产累计增长28%,其中劳动投入量、机械费用、种子用量、化肥施用量及全要素生产率增长的贡献率分别为-0.8%、22.5%、-3.8%、6.1%和75.9%。2003～2019年间,中国玉米生产全要素生产率波动性增长,余值法和随机前沿生产函数法计算累计涨幅达13.7%和18.7%,技术进步和技术效率提升在玉米全要素生产率增长中起到决定性的贡献作用,贡献率分别为68.8%和32.3%。在全要素生产率的强有力拉动作用下,我国玉米单产增长已从投入型转向效率型增长,要素投入趋于饱和,但全要素生产率提升仍有空间,分别表现在种子创新力提高、机械转型升级以及通过服务规模化提升规模效率等方面。     

采伐对落叶松人工林保留木损伤率的影响

在黑龙江省带岭林业实验局和铁力林业局落叶松人工林采伐迹地上,采用现场调查和数据分析的方法,对不同采伐强度、不同林分密度与保留木损伤率之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:落叶松人工林在作业后,保留木损伤率不随采伐强度、林分密度的增加而增加,且伐木损伤率、集材损伤率呈现先增加后降低的相似态势。     

6种日本核型多角体病毒对斜纹夜蛾幼虫致病性的研究

从日本引进6种核型多角体病毒(NPV),保存5年后仍对斜纹夜蛾幼虫持有致病性。其中斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(福山株)、甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒(芸北株)、粘虫核型多角体病毒(芸北株)、八字地老虎核型多角体病毒(那须株)均保持较强的致病力,其剩余侵染力在1/1.34~1/2.50间。甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒(东京株)的致病力下降最大,剩余侵染力为1/17.5、其次为海灰翅夜蛾核型多角体病毒(埃及株),剩余侵染力为1/7.01。     

Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

基于径向基神经网络的叶轮轴面投影图优化

为了提高余热排出泵的效率,采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法对叶轮轴面投影图上的前盖板圆弧半径、后盖板圆弧半径、前盖板倾角和后盖板倾角4个几何变量进行35组叶轮方案设计,应用ANSYS CFX 14.5软件对余热排出泵进行定常数值模拟,得到设计工况下的效率,应用径向基神经网络建立效率与轴面投影图的4个几何变量之间的近似模型,最后采用遗传算法对近似模型进行极值寻优,获得最优的轴面投影图几何参数组合。研究结果表明:对比原始泵的数值模拟性能曲线和试验外特性能曲线,两者吻合较好;径向基神经网络能较好地预测泵设计点效率;优化的轴面投影图使得余热排出泵的水力效率提高了6.18个百分点,改善了叶轮内流场特性。因此,叶轮轴面投影图的优化设计方法是可行的。     

醚菌酯50%干悬浮剂在草莓及土壤中的残留动态研究

［目的］明确醚菌酯在草莓和土壤中的残留动态情况。［方法］于2007～2008年,在天津、吉林、南京和昆明,设3 000倍液和2 000倍液2个剂量,对醚菌酯50％干悬浮剂在草莓及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留量进行了试验。［结果］在天津地区,醚菌酯在草莓和土壤中的半衰期分别为6.4 和12.6 d; 在吉林地区,醚菌酯在草莓和土壤中的半衰期分别为8.3和16.2 d;在南京地区,醚菌酯在草莓和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.2 和8.3 d; 在昆明地区,醚菌酯在草莓和土壤中的半衰期分别为6.3和12.3 d。施药后间隔3、5、7 和14 d的草莓中醚菌酯的残留量均低于1 mg/kg。［结论］醚菌酯50％干悬浮剂在草莓中合理使用的准则为：按3 000倍液在草莓上喷雾使用3次,安全间隔期为3 d,最高残留限量推荐值为1 mg/kg。     

Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

露地小白菜及土壤中博落回杀菌剂残留量的研究

本文采用田间实验方法,研究了植物源农药博落回杀菌剂在露地不结球白菜(俗称小白菜,Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Grou)及土壤中的残留量变化,为其在无公害农产品的生产方面提供参考。结果显示:分别以浓度750 g/hm2、1 500 g/hm2的博落回杀菌剂处理露地小白菜,其在露地小白菜中的残留降解动态变化表现为前5 d降解较快,15 d以后基本无残留;而在土壤中的残留降解动态变化则表现为前7 d降解缓慢,7 d后降解速度则大大加快,32 d以后基本无残留;其农药残留半衰期分别为1.83 d和8.37 d,且最后残留量都低于我国对植物源农药的残留最大允许限量0.500 0 mg/kg。因此,博落回在露地小白菜及土壤中属易降解、低残留、安全性较高的植物源农药,适合在农业生产方面推广使用。     

UPLC法同时测定玉米中不同类型除草剂残留的方法

[目的]建立玉米中4种不同类型的9种除草剂残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。[方法]样品前处理采用QuEChERS方法,以ACQUITY UPLC BHE C18(2.1 mm×50.0 mm,1.7μm)为色谱柱,以水(含0.05%H3PO4)、乙腈(含0.05%H3PO4)为流动相。[结果]在优化的条件下,9种除草剂在4.5 min内实现基线分离;检测限和定量限分别为15～30和30～60μg/kg;在各自的浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均大于0.999;在高、中、低3个水平的加标回收率为79.5%～98.8%,方法的标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%～9.6%。[结论]该方法简便、高效、准确,为除草剂残留的常规检测提供了一种省时、可行的新方法。     

2000—2015年滦河流域植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因子分析

植被净初级生产力(NPP)可以反映植被生长状况,是表征地区生态质量的重要指标。本文以滦河流域为研究区,调查采集植被NPP、气象、土地利用结构及变化等多时空数据,利用Sen趋势、Hurst指数及残差分析等多种方法,综合考虑自然环境和人为利用的影响,对2000—2015年植被NPP的时空变化特征、未来演变趋势及驱动因子进行分析和研究,并定量识别不同区域内的主导驱动因子,旨在为该流域的生态环境治理工作提供依据。研究结果表明:1)2000—2015年,滦河流域植被NPP年均值为455.04g(C)·m~(-2)·a~(-1),整体呈波动上升趋势,显著增加区占流域总面积的32.94%,且未来同向变化趋势略强于反向变化趋势;2)该流域植被NPP空间差异较为显著,表现为东南高西北低的格局,受地形影响较大,流域中游的低山丘陵区为植被NPP高值区;3)驱动机制上,流域植被NPP变化与温度和降水均为正相关关系,水热耦合共同作用于植被NPP的积累,人类活动则是通过改变土地利用强度或生态建设工程等影响植被NPP的变化,且在不同地形区域内,植被NPP变化的主导驱动因子不同,整体上以气候和人类活动共同正向促进作用为主,但在平原区以单因子的反向抑制作用为主。