Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia

Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. ^Note     

Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop

A field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S-99-1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄), three treatments of four irrigation (W₅, W₇ and W₈) and one treatment of five irrigation (W₆) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.
Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:
With-holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W₄, W₁ and W₇; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

基于SVM算法的区域农田灌溉短期用水量预测方法

常规方法对区域农田灌溉短期用水量预测时易出现预测数据误差大,预测过程复杂等现象。设计基于SVM算法对区域农田灌溉短期用水量进行预测。以某沿黄区域位于全景属于黄河流域东南方向一区域农田为研究对象,首先基于SVM算法选择用水量特征,选取一对一的构造方法将农田灌溉短期用水量数据分为两个类别。通过SVM算法中支持向量机分类功能将农田灌溉短期用水量特征子集进行获取,并在此基础上可以根据特征子集通过预测模型进行用水量预测。由于用水量序列波动性较强,将GM(1,N)模型与机器学习算法LSSVR模型相结合来进行用水量预测,并确定模型评价指标。结果证明基于SVM算法的区域农田灌溉短期用水量预测方法误差在允许范围内且在农业中具有可使用性。     

紫花苜蓿灌溉的理论与技术

本文系统地阐述了紫花苜蓿灌溉的理论与技术,内容包括需水量、需水强度、入渗速率、灌溉需要量、灌溉定额、灌水深度、灌水定额、灌水周期、灌水次数、灌水时期、灌水强度、灌溉方法等内容。     

灌溉对白三叶生殖生长及种子产量和质量的影响

白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)是温带重要的豆科牧草,在我国草地改良及生态环境建设中具有重要作用。而目前我国白三叶种子主要依靠进口,其生产研究匮乏、技术落后,使之生产利用受到严重制约。本研究以白三叶海法品种为对象,于2003年11月-2005年6月在云南省种羊场,采用随机区组试验设计,设置5个水分调控处理;结合室内土培法,通过对白三叶种子田需水量及灌水时间的确定,水分对白三叶种子产量及产量构成要素的影响、对营养生长与生殖生长的调控、对种子发育及种子质量的影响等方面研究其种子生产的高产灌溉制度,并从生理生化的角度研究水分对白三叶生长发育的调控。     

景电灌区绿洲综合生态系统管理耦合技术评价分析

以甘肃省景电灌区的3种典型村落(紧邻沙漠的大咀子村、以砂田为传统耕作方式的寺滩村和以盐碱地种植枸杞为主的红跃村)为研究对象,采用参与式方法调查了村民对沙地封育、保护性耕作、盐碱地种植枸杞(Lyciumchinense)、生态家园建设、防护林体系建设5项措施构成的绿洲综合生态系统管理体系的接受程度,利用层次分析法量化分析农民对管理措施的认可度和满意度。结果表明:目标层满意度加权平均值为8.569,说明综合生态系统管理的各项措施得到了农民的普遍认可;各准则层满意度权重排序为:沙地封育(0.417)保护性耕作(0.263)盐碱地种植枸杞(0.160)生态家园建设(0.097)防护林体系建设(0.062),各指标贡献值差异明显,说明农民对5项措施的认可度和满意度不同;不同村落对综合生态系统管理体系的认可度不同,同村落对不同管理措施的满意度及认可度权重差异较大;针对灌区发展现状,结合评价结果,提出了绿洲综合生态系统管理耦合技术及建设对策。     

灌溉制度对科尔沁沙地紫花苜蓿生产性能的影响

为制定适合在科尔沁沙地种植紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）的灌溉制度,本试验设2个单因素处理,分别为5个灌溉定额和4个灌溉频率处理,通过分析其产量、品质和水分利用效率等指标,以期制定最合适的灌溉制度。结果表明：不同灌溉定额对紫花苜蓿粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维含量的影响差异显著（P<0.05）,对产量和水分利用效率的影响差异显著（P<0.05）,当灌溉定额为546 mm时,土壤的相对含水量为39.43%,苜蓿的年产量、水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌溉定额。不同灌溉频率对产量和水分利用效率的影响差异显著（P<0.05）,2 d灌水1次土壤相对含水量维持在42.45%左右,年产量和水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌溉频率。可以通过0～20 cm土壤相对含水量来判断是否缺水,该地区土壤的最佳相对含水量应保持在40%左右。     

Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has a paradoxical combination of late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance and heavy dominance of the canopy on many sites, redwood saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed to ensure the conservation of old-growth redwood forests has been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence on redwood biology with data on the historic and modern disturbance regimes to help clarify the degree to which key attributes of redwood forests may have been dependent upon periodic disturbance. Available evidence suggests that episodes of fire, flooding, and slope failure prior to European settlement were frequent but predominantly of low to moderate severity and extent, resulting in broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority of fires prior to European settlement were apparently of human origin. Frequency and severity of the major disturbance agents have been radically changed in modern times. Fires have been largely excluded, and flooding has been altered in ways that have often been detrimental to old-growth redwoods on alluvial terraces. However, because of the apparent anthropogenic origin of most presettlement fires, the long-term evolutionary role of fire for coast redwood is ecologically ambiguous. With fire exclusion, redwood possibly could be displaced to some extent on upland sites by increasing abundance of fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, redwood may be able to maintain dominance by vegetative sprouting and new seedling establishment on root-wad mounds, fallen logs, and on soil exposed by slope failure. Future research priorities are suggested that will help resolve some of the current ambiguities.     

灌溉与密度对沙打旺种子产量及其构成因素的影响

研究灌溉时间和灌溉比例对沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)种子产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:在灌溉总量相同的情况下,灌溉方式对沙打旺种子产量构成因素及实际种子产量的影响较大;开花期灌溉900m³/hm²,潜在种子产量和实际种子产量分别为1611.1与333kg/hm²,比对照(CK)分别提高105.7%和73.1%;在现蕾期和开花期灌溉450 m3/hm²,潜在种子产量和实际种子产量分别为1353.6和258.2kg/hm²,比CK提高72.9%和34.2%;穴栽行株距1.0 m,潜在种子产量达1022.4kg/hm²,实际种子产量为269.8 kg/hm²,比行株距1.5m(717.4和176.8 kg/hm²)分别提高42.5%和52.6%;条播中,行距115cm,潜在种子产量达1657.4kg/hm²,与行距75cm(1310.6kg/hm²)和90cm(1152.4 kg/hm²)相比,分别提高26.5%和43.8%,而行距115cm,实际种子产量为337.2kg/hm²,与行距75cm(316.2 kg/hm²)和90cm(223.4kg/hm²)相比,分别提高6.6%和50.9%。