水分条件对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地CO_2排放的影响

在新疆天山中部巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地,以苔草(Carex tristachya)为主要建群种的样地为研究对象,利用英国PP-systems公司生产的便携式土壤呼吸测定系统(CIRAS-2-SRC)研究了不同地表水分条件对天鹅湖高寒湿地夏季土壤CO2排放的影响。结果表明,1)湿润区的生物量大于干燥区;干燥区土壤CO2排放高于湿润区,干燥区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为单峰曲线,CO2排放最高点出现在当地14:00-16:00,最高值为1.185 0g CO2·m-2·h-1;湿润区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为双峰曲线,两个峰值分别出现在12:00和16:00,最高值为1.024 0g CO2·m-2·h-1。2)不同水分条件下生物量中凋落物含量影响土壤CO2排放。土壤温度是CO2排放的主要限制因子,且地表干燥区CO2排放与土壤温度的相关性更显著(P0.01)。土壤湿度与CO2排放相关性不显著(P湿润区=0.997,P干燥区=0.409)。     

宁夏绿洲禾豆牧草混播组合及其比例效应

在宁夏中部半干旱带有补灌的条件下,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)和老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)为试验材料,豆科与禾本科牧草分别按照3∶7、5∶5、7∶3共3种不同比例进行混播,研究了不同混播组合及比例对其经济投入产出比、干草及主要营养成分产量、相对总产量及竞争力等方面的影响。两年的试验结果表明,3种豆禾牧草混播比例的产量均显著大于单播禾本科牧草的产量(P0.05)。苜蓿与禾本科牧草混播组合2013年及2014年的产量均显著高于沙打旺与禾本科牧草的混播组合(P0.05),其中,紫花苜蓿∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合的产量为最高(P0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪的总产量最高且投入产出比最低。紫花苜蓿+禾草组合中豆科牧草竞争力均大于相同比例下沙打旺+禾本科牧草组合中豆科牧草竞争力。沙打旺+禾本科牧草混播组合中,相对总产量(RYT)大于1的组合多于紫花苜蓿+禾本科牧草混播组合,其中,沙打旺∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合的两年平均RYT最高。以上结果说明,在宁夏中部半干旱带建植栽培草地时,紫花苜蓿∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合有较好的产量效应和最低的投入产出比;而沙打旺∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合中不同物种生长较为均衡。     

90年来中共历代中央领导集体政治交接简评

中国共产党成立90年来一共形成了四代成熟而稳定的中央领导集体。其中,第一、二代领导集体围绕最高领导权力的交接不甚成功,但从总体上讲,四代领导集体之间基本实现了正常的交接,并不断走向制度化。这是党自身能够健康发展,党领导的革命和建设事业兴旺发达的根本保证。     

Anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements in roadside topsoils of a suburban region of Bishkek,Central Asia

The ecological environment in Central Asia is vulnerable to pressure from human activity due to the physical geography and climatic fragility of this region. A set of indicators suitable for the future assessment of this pressure needs to be proposed. Thirty‐six topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected from roadsides in a suburban region of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic in Central Asia, and a risk assessment of anthropogenically disturbed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was systematically conducted with classic statistical methods. The results of detrended correspondence analysis and principal component analysis clearly showed that topsoil samples with high contents of PTEs (Pb, Zn and Cu) were strongly affected by traffic within a distance threshold of 200 m and that anthropogenic effects decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. The enrichment factor and anthropogenic contribution for Pb were the highest among the three PTEs, with average values of 2.0% and 47.4%, respectively, suggesting enrichment. However, the results of the human health risk assessment also indicated that noncarcinogenic risks did not occur for any of the anthropogenic PTEs. The reported method provides a new systematic pathway to reveal anthropogenic influences on the geochemical composition of soil. The conclusions of this work will be highly valuable as important guidelines for agriculture, and the results of the PTE contents will provide a scientific basis for soil collection in future studies.     

Inoformation Transfer in a Global Economy

No abstract available for this article.     

The feasibility of using variable rate water application under a central pivot irrigation system

The purpose of this paper was to assess the feasibility and significance of applying spatially variable irrigation under a central pivot system at the Federal German Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany. The assessment was based on soil moisture holding capacity, soil depth variation and root development. Soil texture analysis was carried out by sampling on a 60 meter grid. The German Agro-Meteorological Model was applied to simulate the water balance in the crop-soil-atmosphere system for the growing season 2003/4. The research findings are presented in terms of six scenarios: 20, 30, 40 mm water application depths per irrigation under both variable rate application and uniform application. The comparison revealed that the loss of water was higher for the uniform application scenarios than that for the variable rate application (VRA) scenarios for the applications of 20 and 30 mm. The VRA scenario of 20 mm water application was found out to be the best option for water conservation.     

Performance of CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat models in rice–wheat systems: A review

Rice–wheat (RW) systems are critical to food security and livelihoods of rural and urban poor in south Asia and China, and to regional economies in southeast Australia. The sustainability of RW systems in south Asia is, however, threatened by yield stagnation or decline, and declining partial factor productivity, soil organic C and water availability. Crop models potentially offer a means to readily explore management options to increase yield, and to determine trade-off between yield, resource-use efficiency and environmental outcomes. This paper reviews the performance of CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat in Asia and Australia in relation to their potential application towards increasing resource use efficiency and yield of RW systems.

The performance of the models was evaluated using simulated and observed data on anthesis and maturity dates, in-season LAI and growth, final grain yield and its components, and soil water and N balances from published studies across Asia and Australia, and then by computing the statistical parameters for the major characters. Over the four data sets examined for anthesis and six for maturity dates, CERES-Rice predicted those dates fairly well (normalised RMSE = 4–5%; D-index = 0.94–0.95), but over the 11 sets for grain and 4 for biomass yield, the predictions were more variable (normalised RMSE = 23% for both; D-index 0.90 and 0.76, for grain and biomass, respectively). Model performance was poorer under conditions of low N, water deficit, and low temperatures during the reproductive stages. Over the three data sets examined, CERES-Wheat predicted the anthesis and maturity dates quite well (normalised RMSE = 4–5%; D-index = 0.94–0.99), and over eight sets for grain and two sets for biomass yield the model predicted them also reasonably well (RMSE = 13–16%; D-index = 0.86–0.97). Only one study evaluated the DSSAT RW sequence model with fairly satisfactory predictions of rice and wheat yields over 20 years with adequate N, but not the long-term change in soil organic C and N. Predictions of in-season LAI and crop growth, and soil and water processes were quite limited to investigate the robustness of model processes.

Application of models to evaluate options to increase water and N use efficiency requires the ability to perform well at the margin where deficit stress begins. While both models generally perform satisfactorily under water and N non-limiting conditions, the little evidence available suggests that they do not perform well under resource-limiting situations. We recommend that the models’ key processes under the water and N limiting conditions be further evaluated urgently. The DSSAT sequence model also needs to be further evaluated against observations for a range of locations and management using data from long-term experiments in RW systems.     

Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

中亚农业水资源脆弱性及其变化特征分析

农业用水是链接自然环境和社会经济发展的重要环节,研究农业水资源脆弱性的时空变化对揭示水资源的可持续开发利用、保障水资源安全、应对洪旱灾害具有重要意义。为研究中亚地区农业水资源脆弱性变化特征,本文以中亚五国为研究区,基于气象、土地覆盖、地形和社会经济数据,依据脆弱性概念框架,从暴露度、敏感度和适应度3个方面选取18个指标,建立了农业水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,采用等权重法和主成分分析法确定指标权重,对1992-2017年中亚农业水资源脆弱性进行了评价及特征分析。结果表明:1)中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间分布表现为"南高北低"的特征,5国中土库曼斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最强,其次为乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦,而哈萨克斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最弱;研究时段内农业水资源脆弱性空间分布格局变化较小。2)中亚农业水资源脆弱性随时间变化表现为"前期升高,中期降低,后期稳定"的态势,整个研究期内研究区农业水资源脆弱性变化类型以相对稳定为主。不同地区农业水资源脆弱性随时间的变化存在差异,吉尔吉斯斯坦西部和土库曼斯坦的农业水资源脆弱性升高,乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦以及咸海地区水资源脆弱性降低,其他地区相对稳定。3)不同地区农业水资源脆弱性对各指标的敏感性不同,北部农业水资源脆弱性动态变化对农田灌溉定额和灌溉指数以负敏感为主,对其他指标以正敏感为主,而南部对各指标的敏感性正负均有;相关性分析表明,森林覆盖率、农业用水比例、农田灌溉定额、水分胁迫指数、灌溉指数和农业水分生产率是导致中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间差异的重要因素。4)为降低农业水资源脆弱性,中亚地区需发展集约型农业,调整作物种植结构,推广耐旱品种农作物,进行节水灌溉。研究结果可为中亚农业水资源规划管理、农业生产布局调整以及农业可持续发展提供参考依据。