Selecting Rice Genotypes Tolerant to Zinc Deficiency and Sodicity: Differences in Concentration of Major Cations and Sodium/Potassium Ratio in Leaves

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major nutritional problem for rice under sodic conditions. Seedlings (35-d old) of 30 rice genotypes were transplanted in pots at pH₂ 9.8 [diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) Zn 1.8 ppm] to identify genotypes tolerant to both sodicity and Zn deficiency. Ten genotypes (group A) showed potential to tolerate both the stresses. Sixteen genotypes (group B) were sensitive to Zn deficiency. However, some of the seedlings of group B genotypes were normal (without Zn deficiency symptoms). Four genotypes (group C) were sensitive to sodicity. Leaves and their leaf sheaths were analyzed at 33 d after transplanting for Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Group A genotypes (CSR-88IR15, CSR-89IR14, IR4630-22-2-5-1-2, and Trichi) had significantly less Na concentrations in their leaves and the leaf sheaths compared to group B genotypes (CSR10, CSR23, CSR-88IR1, 89H1-931098, and IR47538-3B-9-3B-1). The concentration of Na was invariably higher in the leaf sheath than its leaf in both the groups, but reverse was true for Ca, Mg, and K. Zinc deficient plants had relatively higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in their leaves and the leaf sheaths than group A. Concentration of K was somewhat better in group A than group B genotypes. Higher Na/K ratio in group B genotypes compared to group A may be attributed to increased concentrations of Na rather than decreases in K concentrations. Further studies are needed to understand the processes associated with differential uptake of Na and K by Zn deficient plants of group B genotypes resulting in higher Na/K ratio compared to group A genotypes.     

施用猪粪对土壤Zn形态和菜心Zn含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究施用猪粪对土壤和菜心Zn含量的影响,以为蔬菜安全施用畜禽粪便提供依据.结果表明,土壤全Zn、有效态Zn和菜心Zn含量均随猪粪施用量和施用茬数的增加而提高,连续2茬施用猪粪达到40g/kg时,土壤全Zn含量和菜心Zn含量分别达到266.42和21.03mg/kg,超过国家土壤质量二级标准(pH≤6...     

Effect of Excess Cadmium and Zinc Ions on Roots and Shoots of Maize Seedlings

The effect of 8-day-old exposure maize seedlings with cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn), separately, are described with special attention being given to ultrastructural changes as well as changes of the growth. These elements, frequent pollutants found in the soil, were added as 1 mM solutions to nutrient solution used for roots and shoots of maize seedlings, investigated 8 days after germination. The symptoms of heavy metal toxicity were clear showing that Cd inhibits root growth more strongly than the shoots and more effectively than zinc ions. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in the leaf surface, particularly in the guard cells of the stomata. The ultrastructural analyses of the parenchyma mesophyll cells showed extensive chloroplast disorganization, mainly affecting the thylakoid membranes and grana.     

平凉地区旱地玉米覆盖栽培硫酸锌施用技术

研究总结出玉米喷施硫酸锌最佳用量为 3.0 0 kg/ hm2 ,拌种最佳用量为 2 5 .4 g/ kg,其中拌种用量远远大于资料介绍的 4～ 6g/ kg的界限 [1] 。硫酸锌的增产效果为 :基施 (10 .5 %～31.5 % ) >拌种 (17.7% ) >喷施 (14.6% )。并应用模糊聚类法对 4年 2 8点次旱地覆盖栽培玉米基施硫酸锌试验资料进行分析 ,得到了各类区的肥料效应方程式 ,利用各方程计算得到硫酸锌基施的最佳用量为 2 3.18～ 31.74 kg/ hm2 。     

Effect of high rates of zinc on several crops grown on an irrigated plainfield sand

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to determine whether Zn applied for pathogen control could accumulate to a level which would be toxic to snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) was applied at rates varying from 0 to 363 kg Zn/ha on a Flainfield loamy sand to approximate 3, 9, 27 and 81 years of fungicidal treatment.

Even at the high rate of Zn, yields of snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn generally were not reduced. As rates of applied Zn increased, there was a corresponding increase in the level of Zn in the leaf tissue of all crops grown. At the high Zn rate, snapbean and cucumber leaf tissue accumulated over 350 ppm Zn. Available soil Zn was extracted with 0.1N HCl, EDTA, or DTPA. Highly significant correlations were observed between the Zn removed by each extractant and plant tissue Zn, thus, indicating that the various extractants were equally effective in predicting Zn uptake.

Very little downward movement of Zn was observed. Two and one‐half years after application, the Zn had leached to a depth of only 30 cm in the soil profile at the higher Zn rates.

These data indicate that application of Zn‐containing fungicides and bactericides should not cause a Zn toxicity problem on the Plainfield sand in the foreseeable future.     

Iron and zinc accumulation in winter wheat regulated by NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE responded to increasing nitrogen levels

Nitrogen (N) is critical for micronutrient biofortification in wheat grain and is essential for a series of nitrogenous compounds biosynthesis. This study aims to assess the role of improved N supply in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) enrichment and expression of genes related to Zn and Fe chelation and transport in winter wheat. Potting and hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to study the effect of increasing N application on Zn and Fe uptake and translocation from roots to leaves and the temporal and spatial gene expression profiles of the NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) genes in wheat. Plants were grown with low, medium and high N supply levels. The results showed that higher N application increased Fe and Zn content in leaves, and decreased Fe and Zn content in root compared with the lower N supply. High N application also increased the distribution of Fe and Zn from roots to leaves. Expression analysis showed that increased N application resulted in up-regulation of two wheat NAS genes, TaNAS1 and TaNAS2. Highly positive response between NAS genes and increasing N application indicated that abundance nicotianamine (NA) resulted from highly expressed NAS genes might involve in the chelation of Fe and Zn in the phloem and favor Fe and Zn uptake and accumulation in wheat leaves.     

Screening for zinc efficiency among wheat relatives and their utilisation for alien gene transfer

Genetic diversity for micronutrient efficiency among the most highly adapted and advanced hexaploid and tetraploid wheat cultivars in the world is limited compared with alien species of wheat or rye. Therefore, screening for zinc efficiency was conducted in greenhouse experiments under controlled conditions, and in field trials. Different varieties of hexaploid wheat, hexaploid oats and diploid rye, together with hexaploid and octoploid triticales, wheat-Agropyron, wheat-Aegilops and several wheat-alien chromosome addition series were studied. Considerable differences in zinc efficiency were found between wheat and its relatives. Individual chromosomes of Secale, Agropyron and Haynaldia were found to carry major genes for this character. The transfer of alien chromosome segments was effective, demonstrated using several wheat-rye translocation lines. Alien genetic information was clearly expressed in the wheat genetic background. Further experimental introgressions by chromosome manipulation and marker-aided selection may efficiently contribute to wheat improvement in marginal soils. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

施用硅肥锌肥作基肥对稻瘟病发生的影响

[目的]稻瘟病是水稻生产上的主要病害,本研究旨在探索水稻减药增效的有效生产措施,[方法]选址于湖北水稻稻瘟病常重发区咸宁市崇阳县原种场,以硅肥和锌肥作基肥,设置单位施用量不同的8个处理研究硅肥和锌肥对稻叶瘟、稻穗瘟的控制作用及对水稻产量的影响,[结果]结果表明,相比不施硅肥锌肥作基肥的对照,各施用微肥处理对稻叶瘟和稻穗瘟的发生均有控制作用,混合施用硅肥锌肥作基肥(硅+锌(225 kg/hm2+ 15 kg/hm2))对稻叶瘟和稻穗瘟的控制作用最佳,防效分别达84.98%和75.65%,病指分别由21.70和15.05降至3.26和3.58;各微肥处理对产量均有不同程度的增产作用。[结论]综上,本研究说明科学的硅肥处理不仅可有效地减少稻瘟病的发生,而且具有增产作用,可以作为水稻生产中减药增效的措施。     

喷施乙烯利对生长前期甘蔗叶片维管束结构及硅镁锌含量的影响

在甘蔗生长前期用100mg/L 浓度乙烯利对桂糖11号和新台糖20号进行叶面喷施。结果表明：⑴乙烯利处理使新台糖20号叶片中维管束密度、维管束中的后生导管和韧皮部面积均明显增大,并使硅含量提高,锌含量降低;⑵乙烯利处理对桂糖11号的叶片维管束面积、维管束中后生导管面积和韧皮部面积以及叶片的维管束密度都没有影响,但提高了叶片中硅、镁和锌的含量。