利用小麦秸秆制备的保水剂性能研究

[目的]以小麦秸秆纤维素接枝丙烯酸制备保水剂,并检测各因素对保水剂吸水性能的影响,探索制备保水剂的最佳反应条件,以期制备出成本低,降解性好,保水性高的新型保水剂。[方法]采用水溶液聚合法制备保水剂,并通过单因素试验和正交试验来确定最佳反应条件,对合成产物的吸液倍率、保水性能和表观形态进行测定与表征。[结果]温度为70℃,去离子水用量为160ml,2.0%N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)用量为9ml,引发剂(过硫酸钾:硫代硫酸钠=3∶1)与丙烯酸单体比为2.0%,丙烯酸中和度为70%,反应时间为1h,合成的保水剂具有较高的吸水或盐水倍率,1g保水剂吸0.9%NaCl溶液41.2g/g,吸去离子水430.9g/g。红外光谱分析和电镜扫描结果表明,保水剂胶体接枝聚合成功,胶体具有良好的表面形态。[结论]制备的保水剂吸液速率快、重复吸水效果较好。保水剂在氯化铁溶液中吸水倍率最高,达到113g/g。复合离子溶液中,在离子浓度为1g/L时吸水倍率最高达57g/g。     

棉花纤维发育后期纤维素形成过程的研究

1989年～1990年选用陆地棉(G.hirstum L.)北农1号品种(BAU No.1)和海岛棉(G.barbadense L.)海7124品种(Hai—7124)为材料,对棉花纤维发育后期的纤维素形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:随着纤维的发育还原性糖含量逐渐下降,纤维素含量逐渐上升。其含量变化高峰期出现的顺序为:还原性糖——纤维素。开花后45天左右(40 DPA～50 DPA)是棉纤维发育后期的一个重要的生化代谢转折期。温度与还原性糖含量的变化率、纤维素含量的变化率呈极显著正相关(分别为 r=0.837~(**)和 r=0.972~(**))。低温对纤维素合成的抑制作用是通过抑制还原性糖的提供而限制纤维素沉积量的累积的。     

生物质及其衍生糖类制备乳酸的研究进展

生物质资源是地球上产量最多、分布最广的可再生资源,利用农业废弃物等各种生物质制备高附加值平台化合物对解决能源危机和环境问题具有重要的意义。本文在相关研究现状的基础上,简要总结了发酵法、化学催化法等以生物质及其衍生糖类为底物制备乳酸的工艺方法,并对相应体系进行了分析,提出了这一领域中近期的热点及发展趋势,以期对后续研究提供参考。     

油茶籽壳的化学成分分析与扫描电镜观察

用化学分析法测定油茶籽壳的主要成分,并用不同方法处理油茶籽壳后测定其主要成分,同时利用扫描电镜对处理后油茶籽壳的细胞微观结构进行观察。结果表明,油茶籽壳中水分占11.07%,灰分占1.02%,粗脂肪占2.53%,粗蛋白占2.70%,还原糖占1.59%,茶皂素占10.68%,半纤维素占22.00%,纤维素占17.32%,木质素占31.35%,油茶籽壳的成分处理前、后有所变化;油茶籽壳的细胞壁主要由半纤维素、纤维素、木质素组成,且每部分都呈层状结构,半纤维素分布于细胞壁的内层,纤维素分布于细胞壁的中层,木质素分布于纤维素和半纤维素的层状结构之间和细胞壁的外层。     

高产纤维素酶菌株的筛选及其产酶条件研究

为了得到高产纤维素酶菌株和确定其最优生产发酵工艺,采用比色法对供试的Z1、Z2、Z3、W2、W5、FG10、FG209、H8和A8等9株真菌进行筛选,对筛选出的高产纤维素酶菌株进行初步鉴定,并对其最佳产酶条件进行了研究。结果表明,FG10和FG20为高产纤维素酶菌株;FG10的最适产酶条件为豆粕0.3 g/kg,pH 4.8,35℃培养48 h;FG20的最适产酶条件为油渣0.2 g/kg,pH 4.4,35℃培养48 h;2株菌均属曲霉属,其中菌株FG10为烟曲霉,菌株FG20为米曲霉。     

纤维素酶水解棕榈壳制取乙醇研究

先将棕榈壳置于多功能水解反应器中于200℃,4.0 MPa,液固比15∶1,搅拌转速500 r/min条件下纯水预处理5 min,半纤维素和纤维素含量分别从21.74%,45.42%变为2.35%,47.63%,再以一定比例混合预处理液与棕榈壳残渣,研究液固比,温度,加酶量和时间对棕榈壳糖化工艺的影响,结果表明液固比为16∶1最合适,低温37℃比高温50℃更有利于棕榈壳的糖化,从长时间看,加酶量并不完全与原料转化率成正相关,以小于10 FPU/g为宜。糖化效果取决于β-葡萄糖苷酶对葡萄糖的耐受性以及预处理效果。采用酿酒酵母对糖化液发酵,乙醇得率为77%。通过电镜扫描发现,预处理与酶解后的残渣的结构比原料明显疏松,长条状晶束结构有着不同的程度的破坏,但木质素结构破坏较小。     

纤维素酶及其研究进展

纤维素酶可以有效降解纤维素,将纤维素水解转化为二糖或单糖,为能源、食物和化工等产业提供可用的原料,在工业中具有广泛的应用价值.文章就纤维素酶的特点及纤维素酶在食品、发酵、饲料和纺织等工业方面的应用进行了阐述.     

Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of canine plasma after fibrinogen precipitation by ethanol

Background: In routine canine medicine, anticoagulated blood is often the only sample sent to laboratories for diagnostic purposes. This hampers the interpretation of protein electrophoretic tracings because plasma contains fibrinogen, which migrates in the β–γ region. In human medicine, fibrinogen can be precipitated from plasma using ethanol. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess ethanol precipitation as a method for removing fibrinogen from canine plasma so as to facilitate the interpretation of electorphoresis results. Methods: Blood samples collected from 40 dogs were divided into plain tubes and tubes containing EDTA (n=20) or lithium–heparin (n=20). An aliquot of plasma from each sample was incubated with ethanol at a final concentration of 100 mL/L. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was then performed on serum, plasma, and plasma treated with ethanol. To verify the efficiency of ethanol treatment, fibrinogen was added to 5 canine serum samples at final concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/L, and electrophoresis was performed before and after ethanol treatment. Results: Visual analysis of electrophoretograms from ethanol‐treated samples confirmed the disappearance of the fibrinogen peak from the β₂‐globulin region. Treatment with ethanol caused a significant decrease in the percentage of β₂‐globulins and a significant increase in the percentage of α₂‐globulins. Absolute values of most electrophoretic fractions were significantly decreased in ethanol‐treated plasma compared with serum. Conclusions: Ethanol treatment successfully removed fibrinogen from canine plasma and normalized electrophoretic profiles, but probably also precipitated proteins other than fibrinogen. Ethanol treatment is recommended to facilitate visual identification of abnormal monoclonal peaks, but not for determining absolute protein concentrations in electrophoretic fractions.     

改进点样器对血清蛋白膜电泳分离效果的影响

在醋酸纤维薄膜电泳分离人血清蛋白质实验中,为了使实验取得了廉价、简捷、分离效果更好的效果,改用毛细管以及自制点样器点样,经过多次试验,不仅同时结合GIS-2009(Tianneng)图谱分析仪成像和蛋白质指纹图谱分析,结果显示:改制订书针效果优于毛细管和载玻片,而且点样量在3μL时效果优于2μL和1μL。确定最佳点样为:自制的订书针,点样量3μL。     

Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The C₉ formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C₉H_8.95O_3.53(OCH₃)_1.00, C₉H_8.12O_4.03(OCH₃)_1.65, C₉H_8.10O_4.65(OCH₃)_1.32, C₉H_8.58O_3.74(OCH₃)_1.23 and C₉H_8.31O_3.54(OCH₃)_1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C₉ formula. The β-O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I_β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.