面向蔬菜病虫害视频移动获取的网络互通网关设计

网络互通问题是限制移动视频获取的关键技术瓶颈,为解决此问题,在前期关于视频分割、压缩、标注、检索等一系列研究基础上,设计出面向移动视频获取的网络互通网关,最终实现蔬菜病虫害视频的移动获取。首先对视频电话网络和IP网络的网络协议3G-324M和H.323进行了详细分析。进而基于不同网络协议原理的分析,设计出3G-324M与H.323的互通网关,包括信令网关和媒体网关两部分:信令网关负责处理信令(信号),实现视频电话网与IP网络间呼叫层面和系统层面的控制和互通;媒体网关负责数据传输,实现视频电话网与IP网络间媒体和数据层面的控制和互通。最终基于前期的研究基础和本文设计的网络互通网关,构建了蔬菜病虫害知识视频移动获取模型,实现了蔬菜病虫害的视频移动获取。此外还对视频获取模型进行对比试验,通过与传统方法的比较,证明所设计的网络互通网关和移动视频获取模型具有理论和实用价值。     

基于博弈论赋权的灌溉用水效率GRA—TOPSIS评价模型

在构建区域灌溉用水效率综合评价指标体系的基础上,运用博弈论(Game theory,GT)思想将层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process,AHP)所得主观权重与改进熵值法(Improved entropy value method,IEVM)所得客观权重进行综合集成以获取组合权值,并将灰色关联分析(Gray relation analysis,GRA)与逼近理想解排序(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)相结合,以三江平原10个大型灌区为例进行验证,对区域灌溉用水效率作综合评价。采用Spearman等级相关系数检验灌溉水有效利用系数排序与GRA-TOPSIS法排序,得到的相关系数高达0.863,且GRA-TOPSIS法、GRA法、TOPSIS法对同一灌区综合排序的位次相差均不超过2,表明评价结果具有合理性和一致性;GRA-TOPSIS法所得综合值的极差为0.343,变异系数为0.267,均高于单独使用GRA法或TOPSIS法的极差与变异系数,更有利于对灌区灌溉用水效率进行辨识分区。此外,根据目标层与准则层排序差异度将灌区分为3类,辨识各灌区灌溉用水效率主控因子,对区域灌溉用水效率发展策略的制定具有参考价值。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

骨干淤地坝等高度及无约束分期加高的研究

以总工程费现值最小为目标函数,对等高度和无约束分期加高的优化计算方法和分析结果表明,采用分期加高较一次建成的总工程费现值可节省1/3～1/2;以等库容分期加高的优化计算较为简单,且与等高度分期加高的优化计算结果相近;无约束分期加高变量较多,需采用非线性规划方法进行优化,计算过程较复杂,其计算结果最优;在分期加高中,使各次新增库容逐渐增大,有利于降低总工程费用现值.     

机械化整秆覆盖膜侧沟播保护性耕作技术的试验研究

中国黄土高原地区由于干旱、无霜期短而严重影响春玉米产量,该文研究应用整秆覆盖免耕膜侧播种的耕作模式,在冬闲期采用机械将玉米秸秆整秆压倒覆盖免耕,在种植期带状起垄覆膜,膜侧播种,行间秸秆覆盖,集储水、保墒、增高地温于一体。结果表明,该技术与传统的露地深翻模式相比,具有明显的储水、保墒、增高地温和提高玉米产量的效果。     

杨陵区节水灌溉分区规划

杨陵区是我国重点节水示范区之一,对它进行节水灌溉分区是非常必要的。采用逐步判别分析法,定量计算与经验定性相结合进行判断,提出了杨陵节水灌溉分区方案,并将杨陵区分为三个区,对每个区的基本情况和节水灌溉发展去向、技术进行了讨论。     

红壤坡地雨水产流及其土壤流失的垫面反应

通过4年(1998～2001年)径流场定位观测研究,探明了不同植被垫面雨水产流过程中系统水土流失有显著性差异。水流失量为农作区>常绿灌木区、针叶林区>常绿果园区>退化区、恢复区。坡地不同垫面间雨水地表径流的差异存在,为坡地雨水利用和利用坡地集雨支持农田灌溉提供了依据和可调控性。土壤流失量受人为干预、耕作强度的影响很大,坡地从自然保护到作物栽培,系统的土壤流失量提高20倍。茶果林地的土壤流失低于作物耕种的2～3倍,而高于自然利用和自然保护的6～12倍。养分流失在数量和质量上皆取决于垫面构成。提出了利用坡地集雨优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,并通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡。     

水稻‘甬优15’分期播种的气象条件适宜性试验研究

研究旨在通过分期播种试验,得到水稻‘甬优15’在本地播种最适宜播期,以提高其产量及品质。根据2016—2020年龙游国家农业气象试验站‘甬优15’分期播种试验数据和2018—2019年水稻品质数据,通过对比试验,得到‘甬优15’的产量与品质和播期的关系。结果表明：（1）播期对‘甬优15’的全生育天数和灌浆期天数有一定影响,主要表现为播期越晚全生育天数减少,灌浆期延长;（2）22℃是灌浆期水稻正常发育阈值,低于22℃的灌浆期平均气温会明显增加水稻灌浆乳熟时间;（3）‘甬优15’水稻直链淀粉含量普遍在10%左右,较易糊化,蛋白质含量接近7%,口感与营养含量较为平衡;（4）当播期推迟至6月中旬之后,‘甬优15’产量有明显降低,品质也有所下降;（5）‘甬优15’播种期控制在5月下旬6月上旬,能明显改善龙游本地单季晚稻产量。     

Analysis of QTL for Seed Dormancy and Their Response to Dry Heat Treatment in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling seed dormancy in rice were identified using recombinant inbred lines(RILs)population derived from the cross between a japonica variety Kinmaze and an indica variety DV85. Seeds of two parental cultivars and each RIL were harvested in 35d after heading.. The germination percentage of these seeds at 30℃for 7 days were measured as the degree of seed dormancy.. QTL analysis was performed with Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a program by composite interval mapping.. A total of four QTL for seed dormancy were detected on chromosome 2(two regions),5 and 11,respectively.Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 8.37 to 17.40%.. Responses of such loci to a dormancy-breaking treatment with dry heat were further detected. The results showed that two alleles of qDOR-2-1 and qDOR-5 from DV85 as well as the allele of qDOR11 from Kinmaze increased the seed dormancy,which seemed to be easily broken by dry heat treatment. Such loci of seed dormancy may be applied to rice genetic improvement.The allele of qDOR-2-2 from DV85 increased the seed dormancy,which could not be broken by dry heat treatment.     

连续施肥对土壤供肥和水稻吸肥的影响

连续１０ａ不施肥的土壤仍保持一定的基本肥力．水稻从土壤吸收的养分三要素中有相当一部分通过稻茬、稻根自然归还土壤，这是水稻土保持一定养分水平的物质基础．随着生育期的进展，水稻植株的吸肥总量不断提高．施用化肥不但可提高植株三要素的含量，而且也提高植株吸肥总量，化肥配合增施有机肥（如猪粪或稻草）又有进一步增加植株吸肥强度和吸肥容量的效果．土壤中的速效养分含量随着水稻生育期的进展而逐渐减少．增施化肥有提高土壤中有效养分的作用，如再配施有机肥则有进一步提高的趋势．施肥１０ａ对土壤三要素产投比有明显影响．