中国热带农业科学院所办企业发展初探

文章以中国热带农业科学院为例,总结了当前科研院所所办企业经营现状,剖析了当前科研院所所办企业普遍存在的主要问题及其原因,经过归类分析与总结,提出了推动当前科研院所所办企业改革发展的对策建议,以期为推动科研单位所办企业持续稳定健康发展提供借鉴。     

Influence of using plants to design landscape in city recreational squares on environment

Through the investigation on influence of temperature,humidity and effects of landscape in Harbin First Department Store(Hayibai)Center Recreational Square,the influence of landscape designing of plant on the environment was researched.Two improved suggestions were given after analyzing the results of the investigation.One is to further plan the market of designing of city recreational square,and to manage and maintain the city recreational square;the other is to make good policies to control and avoid some large scale political projects.     

Should only females of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii be selected in genetic improvement programmes?

Sexual dimorphism is widely observed in almost all farmed aquatic animal species but giant freshwater pawn (GFP) is unique, with males characterized by three main morphotypes (blue claw, orange claw and small males) and females by different reproduction status (ovary, berried egg and already‐spawned females). There has been reported evidence that the effect of male morphotype may have masked genetic variation in growth‐related traits, as a result the heritability for male body weight was lower than that estimated in female. A pending question has arisen whether selection should be made in female only. To answer this question, we used an 8‐year data set from a long‐term selection programme (2008–2015) for high growth in this species comprising 106,756 individuals that were offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams. The body weight data of female and male GFP or of each morphotype was treated as a separate trait and a multi‐trait approach was used to estimate genetic correlations for homologous traits between sexes and between morphotypes. Our analysis showed that there were little differences in the heritability estimates between female and male. In female, mature ovary individual displayed higher heritability than berried egg and already‐spawned females. For male, the heritability for blue claw, orange claw and small males were 0.11, 0.06 and 0.00 respectively. Between‐sex genetic correlation was moderate (0.55 ± 0.11) for body weight, suggesting that the trait expressions in female and male may be genetically different. In female, the genetic correlations for body weight among three female types were close to one (0.91–0.94). In contrast, the genetic correlations for body weight between male morphotypes especially between blue claw or orange claw and small males were low (0.15–0.25). Furthermore, we estimated genetic gain as the difference in least square means (LSM) or estimated breeding values (EBV) between the selection line and control group. The genetic gain in body weight was smaller in females than in males. It is concluded that there is no need to run separate breeding programme for female and male GFP. A combined selection using both female and male data can achieve selection response for body weight as demonstrated in the present study.     

Inhibition of hirame rhabdovirus growth by RNA aptamers

RNA aptamers are artificial nucleic acids that specifically bind to a wide variety of targets. They are an effective tool for pharmaceutical research and development of antiviral agents. Here, we describe four Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV)‐RNA aptamers (H1, H2, H3 and H4) that we obtained from an in vitro process called the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The HIRRV‐RNA aptamers specifically bind to HIRRV. Hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells treated with virus and the RNA aptamer showed a decrease in appearance of cytopathic effect when compared with control (treated only with virus). Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was transformed with genes for the RNA aptamers, and the aptamers were detected in the culture medium, indicating that they were secreted from the cells. Thus, the recombinant R. sulfidophilum might be a powerful tool for the prevention of HIRRV in aquaculture.     

Can fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend be used as fishmeal replacements for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)?

An experiment was carried out to evaluate fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend (1:1) (FP) as replacement of fishmeal (FM) for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isocaloric (19 kJ g^?1) diets were prepared by replacing 0 (FP0), 12 (FP12), 24 (FP24), 36 (FP36) and 48% (FP48) FM protein with FP. Triplicate groups of juveniles (mean weight of 3.9 g) were delivered the test diets for 8 weeks in a flow‐through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the growth rates of fish fed FP0, FP12, FP24 and FP36 diets. Growth and nutrient utilization parameters were significantly reduced in fish fed FP48 diet. Although, whole body proximate composition of fish were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments compared to the control; methionine and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in FP48 group. Protein retention was also significantly decreased in the similar group of fish. Dietary treatments did not alter most of the plasma metabolites, while some of the health parameters were improved in the replacement groups. Results suggested that FP is a potential candidate for alternative protein ingredient in aquafeed and can replace 36% FM protein in the diet of Japanese flounder.     

Changes in thyroid hormone levels in eggs and larvae and in iodide uptake by eggs of coho and chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutsch andO. tschawytscha

Developmental profiles of thyroxin (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and radioactive iodide uptake were established for eggs and T₄ and T₃ profiles were established for larvae (whole-body, yolk-only and body-only) of coho and chinook salmon. T₄ and T₃ were consistently present in all samples. In eggs, hormone levels remained fairly constant in all cohorst for at least the first three weeks of incubation, but then fluctuated in both directions in some sample groups. Large increases in T₄ (from 9 ng/g to 245 ng/g) were seen in 1985 chinook eggs 28 days after fertilization. Radioactive iodide uptake (which was used as a possible indicator of thyroxinogenesis) increased at least 10-fold in both 1986 coho and chinook eggs from 23–30 days after fertilization. T₄ (62 ng/g) and T₃ (393 ng/g) were found in the bodies of 28-day-old 1986 chinook embryos. In whole larvae, hormone levels varied depending upon the cohort studied. In general, initial body-only concentrations of both T₄ and T₃ decreased as body weight increased, but before yolksac resorption was completed, both thyroid hormone content and concentration increased (except for chinook T₃). T₄ and T₃ content in larval yolk stayed constant as yolksac size decreased, resulting in increased thyroid hormone concentration in the yolksac. All of these data suggest that the initial source of thyroid hormones in coho and chinook salmon eggs is maternal, but that by approximately 3–4 weeks after fertilization, the developing embryos begin to produce their own thyroid hormones. After hatching, increases in tissue T₄ and T₃ concentration coupled with constant T₄ and T₃ content in diminishing yolksacs suggest that larvae also produce their own thyroid hormones; yolksac content then may reflect both the original maternal hormones and the larva-producted hormones.     

基因枪转化的bar基因表达盒在水稻中的重组结构

应用Southern杂交和引物组合PCR技术研究了基因枪转化的bar基因表达盒（包括启动子、编码区和终止子）在水稻（Oryza sativa L.）中的重组结构。bar基因表达盒的多个拷贝通过重组连接形成1～3个转基因串联子,彼此邻近整合在受体基因组内一个较大的染色体区域,不同转基因串联子之间由水稻基因组DNA间隔,形成转基因簇。bar基因表达盒形成转基因串联子时,存在头接头、头接尾、尾接尾3种连接方式,通常伴随着bar基因片段的截短。     

2001～2012 年国审玉米品种数量及骨干自交系的应用分析

搜集和整理2001～2012年国审普通玉米杂交种及其双亲来源,研究每年国审玉米品种数量的变化趋势,对选育的杂交种在2个以上的亲本自交系进行统计,并分析这些自交系的来源。结果发现,普通玉米杂交种2006年审定的数量最多,2003年其次,2007年以后普通玉米杂交种的审定数量在10～20个。在对2001～2012年间国审玉米杂交种亲本来源的分析发现,共有39个亲本自交系组配2个及其以上杂交种,组配杂交种比较多的自交系依次为吉853>丹598>lx9801>昌7-2>京2416>丹340。     

道路和居民点对锡林郭勒草地风蚀参数的影响

土壤风蚀是锡林郭勒草地主要的生态环境问题之一,区域内道路和居民点对草地风蚀有重要影响而尚未受到足够的关注与研究。将遥感影像目视解译提取的道路和居民点信息,与表征土壤性质、地表植被覆盖等方面的8个风蚀参数进行空间叠加,采用掩膜处理等GIS方法分析各参数的空间变化特征,以探究道路和居民点对风蚀地表参数的影响。结果表明:距道路和居民点越近,植被覆盖率、高度均减小,表层土壤砂粒含量增加,土壤容重变大;居民点对风蚀参数影响的最大距离为2 000 m,道路为400 m;在影响距离内,植被覆盖各参数变化幅度大于土壤性质各参数,居民点对风蚀参数的影响大于道路;道路和居民点明显增加了周边区域的风蚀危险性,因此进行风蚀评价与估算时,应在相关指标体系与模型中考虑道路和居民点这两个影响因子。该研究可以为草原风蚀机理研究、风蚀治理提供科学参考。     

超微细菌Glaciecola多糖的超声提取工艺研究

多糖已作为免疫药物，应用于心血管疾病的临床治疗。研究了超微细菌Glaciecola多糖适宜的提取方法。通过研究常规水浸提法中不同料液比、提取温度和时间对细菌多糖得率、黏度和表面张力的影响，以及超声提取对多糖得率、黏度和表面张力的影响，结果表明：提取时间对多糖得率和多糖黏度均存在着显著的影响(p<0.05)，细菌多糖的适宜提取条件为料水比1∶15，提取温度在100℃左右，提取时间4～6 h。超声强化处理能显著提高超微细菌多糖的得率，降低提取液的表面张力(p<0.05)，超声强化处理后提取2 h的多糖得率，可达未处理前提取6 h的水平；超声提取条件以选择10～15 min、100 W功率，提取4 h为宜。超微细菌Glaciecola多糖的得率可达8.82%。