Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

Effects of different carbon sources and dietary protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance,immune response against white spot syndrome virus infection and cathepsin L gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei

A 5‐week study was performed to evaluate the effect of spoilage date extract (SDE) as the biofloc carbon source on Litopenaeus vannamei (5.4 ± 0.3 g) performance. The two levels of dietary protein (15% and 25% crude protein) and two carbohydrate sources (molasses‐M and SDE‐P) were tested including: M15, M25, P15 and P25. The minimum (0.2 ± 0.0 mg/L) and the maximum (0.5 ± 0.0 mg/L) of total ammonia nitrogen were observed in the P15 and M25 groups respectively. The highest protein efficiency ratio (6.1 ± 0.3) and protein productive value (112.3 ± 5.8%) were found in the P15 group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between biofloc treatments in the expression of cathepsin L gene in hepatopancreas (p > 0.05). The number of total haemocyte count (THC), semigranular cells (SGC) and granular cells (GC) of shrimp in SDE‐based biofloc treatments was relatively higher than those in molasses‐based biofloc treatments. Following the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, a significant decrease in THC, SGC, GC and hyaline cell values was observed in all treatments (p = 0.001). Plasma biochemical parameters were significantly influenced by dietary protein levels, biofloc carbon sources as well as WSSV challenge test. In conclusion, SDE successfully could be used as an alternative carbon source for establishing a biofloc system in L. vannamei production.     

微生态制剂对葡萄抗病能力及果实品质的影响

以云南、四川主栽的4个葡萄品种为试材,在常规用药方式基础上辅以微生态制剂,测定其对葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病防控效果及对果实品质的影响,以期为有效防控葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病的发生,解决生产实践中的具体问题提供科学参考依据。结果表明:微生态制剂能提高葡萄果粒大小和百粒质量,同时增加糖酸比。在传统用药基础上使用绿康威,对葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病的防效最佳,分别达52.3%和42.4%;在传统用药基础上使用绿地康3号,其防效为31.3%和21.9%,均表现出良好的防效;前期使用化学药剂,后期单独使用微生态制剂对酸腐病的防效不太明显。     

抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响

为分析抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响,试验选择体重相近的21日龄白羽肉鸡600只,随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每个重复10只,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0％、1.5％、2.0％的抗菌肽粗提物,试验期为21 d.结果表明:(1)试验2、3、4组...     

两种有机硫熏蒸剂处理连作土壤对三七根腐病复合症的防治效果

测试了有机硫熏蒸剂大扫灭(Dazomet)对三七(Panax notoginsengWall.)根围几种主要病原生物:线虫、细菌和真菌的最低灭生浓度(MBC值)分别为≥7.8、≥31.2和≥125μg/mL。4种主要病原真菌:立枯病丝核菌(Rhizoctoni solani)、根腐病菌毁坏柱孢霉(Cylindrocarpon destructant)、镰孢霉(Fusariumspp.)和黑斑病交链孢(Alternaria tenus)的MBC值分别为≥31.2、≥62.5、≥125和≥125μg/mL。钾-威百(K-Vapam)对线虫、细菌和病原真菌的灭生活性与Dazomet相当。连作三七田播种前和移苗前用98%大扫灭粉粒剂20~40 g/m2和35%钾-威百液剂30~50 mL/m2进行耕作层土壤熏蒸处理,对三七出苗和成苗率无显著影响;杂草和线虫发生量比对照分别减少90%~95%。播前处理比对照苗病发生率降低45.0%~82.5%,移苗前处理苗病发生率降低35.0%~50.0%。适当充足的土壤含水量、适时彻底的土壤毒气排除对提高药效和避免残毒对后茬药害至关重要。     

赤霉素对黄瓜生理性病害"花打顶"的解救效果

喷施赤霉素溶液可以打破黄瓜生理性病害“花打顶”对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,促进恢复黄瓜的生长发育。喷施赤霉素后1周内,黄瓜的伸蔓速度开始加快,施药后第2周黄瓜的伸蔓速度达到最大。在62.5~938.5 mg/kg的浓度范围内,黄瓜株高的日平均增长量随着赤霉素使用浓度的增高而增加。赤霉素的药效可以维持14 d以上。一般情况下,用纯度为75%的赤霉素结晶粉0.5~1.5 g/666.7 m2,喷施1次有效成分浓度为187.5~562.5 mg/kg赤霉素溶液,同时配合其他管理措施,可以有效解除“花打顶”对黄瓜的危害。     

设施栽培番茄软腐病的鉴别、发生和防治研究

根据田间发生症状和病原观察,初步鉴别认为引起番茄萎蔫的病害为番茄软腐病(Erwiniacarotovorasubsp.carotovora)。设施栽培番茄软腐病多发于番茄植株茎部,呈灰褐色条斑、湿腐,病部维管束无损,严重的髓部腐烂,有异味,病茎上端萎蔫,植株枯死。病原菌体呈短秆状,Φ1.3~1.8μm×0.6~0.9μm,周生鞭毛6根,明显有别于细菌性番茄髓部坏死病、番茄青枯病和番茄溃疡病等。上海地区,温室番茄秋季定植,11月下旬初发病,翌年1月上、中旬和4~5月病势发生迅速,直至7月拉秧。该病在农事操作、整枝打杈、扎蔓和生长过程中的生理开裂等引起的伤口处易发生侵染。加强农业栽培生态管理措施,必要时选用药剂涂抹、喷雾或浇灌等措施,能有效地控制病害的发生。     

白斑综合征病毒与凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群区系之间关系的初步研究

比较了同一养殖池中的感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和未感染WSSV的凡纳滨对虾的肠道菌群,旨在探讨对虾肠道菌群与机体健康状态之间的关系。感染WSSV对虾肠道的细菌总数为1.06×106CFU/尾,显著高于未感染WSSV的对虾(1.78×105CFU/尾;P<0.05),且其肠道中的细菌分别属于弧菌属、气单胞菌属、海水球菌属、盐水球菌属和乳酸杆菌属;染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05),气单胞菌的比例显著的低于感染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05);盐球菌所占的比例两者之间差异不显著。结果显示,两种对虾在肠道菌群组成和细菌组成和细菌数量上存在显著的差异,初步表明对虾肠道菌群区系和机体的健康状态密切相关。     

北川白山羊基因组与表型性状相关的多态性RAPD标记

北川白山羊是在特定生态条件下未经系统繁育而形成的优良地方山羊品种,在生长发育、繁殖和抗逆等性状方面具有突出优势。通过对122只北川白山羊个体基因组的扩增,结果从80条RAPD引物中选出12条多态引物,北川白山羊群体平均遗传相似率和遗传多样性指数分别为0.859 8±0.077 6和0.919 8,表明北川白山羊品种具有一定的遗传分化和较丰富的遗传多样性。在12条多态性引物中,SBS06同时对体质量（P=0.028）、体高（P=0.017）和体长（P=0.037）具有显著影响,SBS02对体质量（P=0.033）和体高（P=0.034）具有显著效应,所以推断影响体质量和体高性状的QTL基因座可能与RAPD标记SBS06和SBS02相连锁,可以应用于北川白山羊体质量和体高性状的标记辅助选择以及相应主效基因的进一步研究。     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。