东北典型黑土区农耕土壤团聚体流失特征

通过野外原位模拟降雨试验,研究了东北典型黑土区3种降雨强度(30、60和90 mm h-1)下农耕地坡面侵蚀过程的土壤团聚体流失特征,分析了流失团聚体特征指标(平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)、平均重量比表面积(MWSSA)、≥1 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA1)、≥2 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA2)、≥0.25 mm粒级团聚体比例(PA0.25))的变化规律。结果表明:降雨强度对典型黑土区农耕地坡面侵蚀有显著影响;次降雨初期侵蚀量占整个降雨过程总侵蚀量的比例随着降雨强度的增加而增大。在30 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,其占团聚体流失总量的90.0%;在60 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25和0.5~1 mm粒级团聚体为主,二者占团聚体流失总量的63.7%;而90 mm h-1降雨强度下,团聚体流失以0.25和2~5 mm粒级团聚体为主,二者分别占团聚体流失总量的31.7%和31.2%。PA0.25、PA1、PA2、MWD和GMD与降雨强度和含沙量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系;MWSSA和D与降雨强度和含沙量之间呈现极显著负相关关系。研究结果还表明,PA1、MWD和GMD皆能较好地表征典型黑土区农耕土壤的团聚体流失特征。     

纤维改性再生骨料透水混凝土力学性能透水性和耐磨性研究

再生骨料透水混凝土是利用再生骨料制备透水混凝土,具备再生混凝土和透水混凝土的功能优势,但导致强度、耐磨性变差,故该文进行再生骨料透水混凝土改性研究。将聚丙烯纤维和碳纤维以不同的体积分数(其中聚丙烯纤维掺量分别为0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%,碳纤维掺量分别为0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)掺入再生透水混凝土中,采用WAW-1000电液伺服万能试验机测定力学强度,自制透水装置测定透水系数,洛杉矶磨耗试验机测定耐磨性,获取不同种类和掺量纤维对透水性、力学性能和耐磨性的影响。试验结果表明,聚丙烯纤维和碳纤维的掺入对混凝土的孔隙率和透水系数影响不大,但可提高强度和耐磨性。随着纤维掺量的增加,抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度呈先增大后减少的趋势;质量损失率也先减少后增大趋势。经优化分析可知聚丙烯纤维最优掺量为0.6%,碳纤维最优掺量为0.4%。该成果可为纤维改性混凝土以及再生骨料透水混凝土的推广应用提供参考。     

添加玉米秸秆培养对土壤团聚体胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响

利用湿筛法进行土壤团聚体分组(>2、2～0.25、0.25～0.053、<0.053 mm粒级),研究了其添加不同用量玉米秸秆,25℃恒温室内培养对团聚体中胡敏酸数量和结构特征的影响。结果表明:添加玉米秸秆培养后,土壤团聚体2～0.25 mm和>2 mm粒级成为优势粒级,平均含量分别占51.41%和34.12%,其全碳含量为10.15～25.74 g kg-1,胡敏酸(HA)绝对含量为4.06～5.79 g kg-1,明显高于对照CK的9.79～10.48 g kg-1和3.70 g kg-1,并随玉米秸秆用量的增加而增大;各处理胡敏酸C/H及高温/中温比值均低于CK处理,并随玉米秸秆用量的增加逐渐减小,说明随玉米秸秆用量的增加使HA分子缩合度降低,结构趋于简单化。     

Characteristics of synthetic soil aggregates produced by mixing acidic “Kunigami Mahji” soil with coal fly ash and their utilization as a medium for crop growth

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the characteristics and potential utilization of synthetic soil aggregates (SSA) produced by mixing acidic “Kunigami Mahji” soil in Okinawa, Japan, with waste materials, such as coal fly ash, used paper and starch, as media for crop growth. A series of different SSA were produced by incorporating various percentages (i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of coal fly ash into the “Kunigami Mahji” soil with used paper and starch. The particle density and bulk density of the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil were 2.67 and 1.23 g cm^?3, respectively. The increased percentages of added coal fly ash, used paper and starch significantly decreased the particle and bulk densities of SSA compared with the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil because of the low particle and bulk densities of the coal fly ash (2.10 and 0.96 g cm^?3, respectively). The SSA particle density varied between 2.39 and 2.14 g cm^?3, and bulk density varied between 0.72 and 0.81 g cm^?3, depending on the additional percentages of coal ash from 20–100%. Maximum water-holding capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were increased with the formation of SSA with coal fly ash, used paper and starch binder compared with the original “Kunigami Mahji” soil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity values of the SSA increased because of their low bulk density compared with the original soil. The addition of coal fly ash, used paper and starch to the acidic (pH = 4.62) “Kunigami Mahji” soil to form SSA increased the pH (6.70–9.96), electrical conductivity, exchangeable cation concentration and cation exchange capacity. The addition of coal fly ash up to 60% increased the aggregate strength. The growth and yield of komatsuna and soybean crops with SSA as a crop growth medium was assessed. Both crops showed the highest growth and yield when grown with SSA containing 20% of coal fly ash. Synthetic soil aggregates containing more than 20% of coal fly ash reduced plant growth and yield. Therefore, SSA produced from “Kunigami Mahji” soil with 20% of coal fly ash, used paper and starch can be successfully used as a medium for crop growth.     

不同粒径红壤团聚体坡面溅蚀特征

为揭示不同粒径团聚体坡面溅蚀规律,以第四纪粘土发育红壤为研究对象,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验(雨强75mm/h,历时45min)研究0.25,0.25~0.5,0.5~1,1~2,2~5mm粒径团聚体溅蚀规律,系统分析了降雨条件下各粒径团聚体破碎、溅蚀率变化、溅蚀搬运量以及溅蚀搬运后的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)降雨条件下团聚体粒径越大越容易破碎,除2~5mm团聚体破碎量高达96.06%外,2mm团聚体破碎量均小于50.00%。(2)0.25mm团聚体溅蚀率具有陡涨陡落特点,表土结皮发育迅速;0.25~0.5mm团聚体溅蚀率陡涨缓落,表土泥浆化过程明显;0.5~5mm团聚体溅蚀率则能保持较长时间增长,随后降低。(3)不同粒径团聚体溅蚀总量、上下坡溅蚀量与净搬运量变化趋势一致,一次降雨过程中,溅蚀搬运量峰值出现在粒径0.25~0.5mm范围内,而后随着粒径的增大逐渐降低。(4)团聚体粒径越小,溅蚀搬运后的平均重量距离越大,各粒径团聚体溅蚀量基本全部分布在半径60cm范围内。研究结果能为降雨侵蚀防治及侵蚀过程模型提供理论参考。     

不同胶结物质对黄绵土团聚体形成的影响

通过室内培养试验,采用PAM、腐殖酸、壳聚糖、硫酸铝4种土壤结构胶结剂对促进黄绵土0.25mm团聚体形成大团聚体的过程和效果开展研究。结果表明:(1)从新形成土壤团聚体的粒径分布来看,4种胶结剂均有利于0.25mm粒径的团聚体形成更大的团聚体,尤其是对于增加5mm的土壤团聚体含量效果明显;(2)4种胶结剂施入0.25mm黄绵土团聚体,均可有效地增加黄绵土团聚体的平均重量直径和几何平均直径,提高了团聚体稳定性,且随胶结剂施用浓度的增加呈升高趋势;(3)不同胶结剂对促进黄绵土团聚体形成的能力表现为腐殖酸≈PAM壳聚糖硫酸铝。研究结果可为合理利用外源胶结剂改善土壤结构提供一定的科学依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土水分运动和水稳性团聚体的影响

为探明微生物在盐碱地改良方面的应用,通过在盐碱土中加入枯草芽孢杆菌,研究不同浓度微咸水(0,1,2,3,4g/L)条件下,盐碱土中的水分运动和土壤水稳性团聚体的变化规律。结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌可以显著减少土壤的入渗能力,同时可减缓水分的迁移能力,添加枯草芽孢杆菌的土壤与相对应的对照组相比,累积入渗量和湿润锋推进距离均显著减少,其中在微咸水浓度为2g/L时,土壤累积入渗量减少幅度最大,为40.97%,其他处理减少程度依次为3,0,1,4g/L,湿润锋的推进距离也有类似的结果。(2)利用Philip和Kostiakov入渗模型拟合试验数据,发现Philip公式中的吸渗率S均小于相相应对照组,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数K均小于相应对照组,而经验指数β均大于相应对照组。(3)枯草芽孢杆菌可以增加土壤的保水能力,在微咸水浓度为2g/L时,对土壤水吸力的影响较大。与对照组相比,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs及与进气值相关系数α均有所增大,形状系数n逐渐减小。(4)含有枯草芽孢杆菌的土壤,在微咸水入渗后其土壤团粒结构均有较大的改善。     

Nitrogen fertilization degrades soil aggregation by increasing ammonium ions and decreasing biological binding agents on a Vertisol after 12 years

Degraded soil aggregation arising from nitrogen(N) fertilization has been reported in many studies; however, the mechanisms have not yet been clarified.Elucidating the impact of N fertilization on soil aggregation would help to improve soil structure and sustain high crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of long-term N fertilization on soil aggregation and its association with binding and dispersing agents. A 12-year(2008–2019) N fertilization field experiment ...     

后续施肥措施改变对红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳组分的影响

利用一个长达30年且已进行适当变更的长期定位施肥试验,采用物理方法对团聚体有机碳进行分组,并运用δ13 C自然丰度方法,研究长期施用高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥及当其施肥措施改变(化改常、常改高、高改化、常改化)3年后红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳组分含量及其分布比例的变化规律,以期为调控稻田土壤肥力及红壤性水稻土有机碳库的管理提供理论依据。结果表明:与施用化肥30年相比,长期施用有机肥显著提高了红壤性水稻土团聚体总有机碳、粗游离态颗粒有机碳(cfPOC)、细游离态颗粒有机碳(ffPOC)、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(oPOC)及矿物结合态有机碳(MmMOC)的含量,其中以游离态颗粒有机碳变幅最大,达67.5%~150.0%,对施肥最敏感,能较好地反映长期施肥下土壤有机碳库的变化。在后续施肥过程中,增加有机肥施入量(化改常、常改高)团聚体总有机碳、粗游离态颗粒有机碳(cfPOC)、细游离态颗粒有机碳(ffPOC)、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(oPOC)及矿物结合态有机碳(MmMOC)含量将分别显著提高5.2%~15.5%,2.8%~40.2%,18.9%~43.9%,2.8%~17.6%,5.1%~8.2%;而减少有机肥施入量(高改化、常改化)则与之相反,分别降低15.8%~20.9%,12.6%~26.9%,24.6%~48.4%,19.9%~23.9%,4.9%~21.9%。在所有施肥处理条件下闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(oPOC)分布比例最低,为11.3%~13.4%;矿物结合态有机碳(MmMOC)分布比例最高,为50.4%~59.0%,是红壤性水稻土固存有机碳的主要形式。外源新碳施入量越多,大团聚体及其各有机碳组分的新碳含量越高,且45.6%~50.1%进入矿物结合态有机碳组分,34.1%~42.3%进入游离态颗粒有机碳组分,11.8%~18.0%进入闭蓄态颗粒有机碳组分。因此,在我国南方红壤性稻作区的农业生产过程中应继续或加大施用有机肥,从而进一步维持或提升土壤不同组分有机碳库。     

Soil structure changes due to different land-use practices in the central Zagruos region,Iran

In this study, the effect of land-use treatments and the feasibility of fractal dimension to quantify soil aggregate stability were investigated in the central Zagrous, Iran. For this purpose, the non-linear fractal dimension (D_nl), linear fractal dimension (D_l) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates were compared. Soil samples from three sites with four adjacent land-use types, namely: forest area (F), cultivated lands adjacent to forest (CAF), pasture (P) and cultivated lands adjacent to pasture (CAP) were collected. Results showed that soils under cultivated lands had higher bulk density (BD) (1.30–1.38 Mg m^?3) compared to the adjacent soils under forest (1.19 Mg m^?3) and pasture (1.21 Mg m^?3). In the 0–15 cm layer, soil organic matter (SOM) content in the cultivated plots were respectively 30% and 31% lower compared to the forest and pasture soils. The lowest CVs belonged to D_nl (5–8%) demonstrating that D_nl was more accurate than D_l (8–14%) and MWD (30–53%) methods. CAP had the largest value of D_nl, while P had the smallest value of D_nl. Difference of D_nl between forest and pasture was not significant, whereas both of them significantly differed from CAF and CAP. D_l did not differ significantly between forest and CAF. There were significant differences between forest and pasture for the measured MWD. Both fractal dimensions had negative correlation with MWD, SOM, hydraulic conductivity (HC) and macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and positive correlation with BD and total porosity (TP).