林草植被恢复类型对黄土团聚体稳定性和入渗特性的影响

[目的]对比不同林草植被恢复类型下黄土团聚体稳定性和入渗特性的差异,为黄土高原地区生态恢复模式的合理优化提供理论支持。[方法]以黄土区撂荒地(C₁,对照)、苜蓿地(C₂)、天然草地(C₃)、油松+侧柏混交林(L₁)、刺槐+侧柏混交林(L₂)为对象,采用萨维诺夫法和单环双水头法分别测定了水稳性团聚体组成状况、饱和导水率(K_s)。以平均质量直径(MWD)、几何直径(GMD)、颗粒分形维数(D)、破坏率(PAD)、>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体占比(M_w)和饱和导水率为评价指标,分析了不同林草植被恢复类型的土壤团聚体稳定性和入渗特性差异及其影响因素。[结果](1)0—30 cm土层范围内,C₁的GMD和MWD最低,林草植被恢复类型的GMD,MWD表现为L₁和C₃>L₂和C₂,而PAD和D则相反。(2)0—10 cm土层,L...     

土壤碱化和化学改良对土壤团粒结构的影响

本文是针对土默川平原不同碱化土壤和化学改良后土壤的团粒结构进行对比研究,研究结果表明:中度碱化土壤团粒结构占29.3%,相应改良后的团粒结构上升到45.6%;重度碱化土壤团粒结构占22.1%,明显减少;碱土的团粒结构则更少,仅为16.5%,但经化学措施改良后也可达到32.55%。这说明土壤碱化程度越大,团粒结构越少;改良后土壤的团粒结构明显增加。     

The scanning electronic microscope observation of mineral trioxide aggregate combined with fibronectin as pulp capping agent

AIM: To observe the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) combined with fibronectin as pulp capping agents. METHODS: The 48 pulps of 4 cats were exposed mechanically and then capped directly with MTA, MTA combined with fibronectin, calcium hydroxide, fibronectin and starch as control. After 12 weeks observation, the experimental teeth were extracted and observed with scanning electronic microscope. RESULTS: In calcium hydroxide group and MTA group, specimens showed irregular dentin bridge structures along the pulp-MTA interface. In MTA combined with fibronectin group, continuous and complete dentin bridge structures were found along the pulp-MTA interface, the crystalline-like structures were in direct contact with the dentin wall of pulp chamber, the exposed pulp sites were closed by the dentin bridge. In fibronectin and starch group, no reparative dentin was observed. CONCLUSION: The present experiment indicated that MTA combined with fibronectin was an effective pulp-capping material and may have potential for clinical application.     

Effect of Raindrop Temperatures on Soil Runoff and Erosion in Dry and Wet Soils. A Laboratory Experiment

The effect of raindrop temperatures on runoff generation and erosion on clayey soil was investigated in sprinkling experiments with a laboratory rotating disk rain simulator. The experiments were applied to Rhodoxeralt (Terra Rossa) soil with two pre‐prepared moisture contents: hygroscopic and field capacity. For each moisture content, three rainfall temperatures were applied: 2, 20, and 35 °C. Erosion was generally lower in the pre‐wetted soil than in the dry soil (12.5 and 24.4 g m⁻² per 40 mm of rain, respectively). Whereas there was no significant effect of raindrop temperature on the dry soil, the soil that was pre‐moistened to field capacity was affected by rainwater temperature: runoff and erosion were high when the temperature difference between rainfall and soil surface was high, and sediment yields were 13·9, 5·2, and 18·3 g m⁻² per 40 mm of rain, for rain temperature of 2, 20, and 35 °C, respectively. It is reasonable to conclude that thermophoresis caused by thermal gradients within the soil solution reduces the stability of aggregates and then increases the soil losses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重迎茬大豆对土壤有机—无机复合胶体及土壤结构的影响

重、迎茬大豆对黑土和暗棕壤的影响为；有机质，重组有机质，复合有机质及复合度均为重，迎茬低于正茬，石灰性黑钙土则相反；复合体中不同结合态腐殖质及Ｅ４／Ｅ６变化不尽相同；水稳性团聚体在三种土壤中重，迎茬呈下降趋势，重迎茬对土壤结构有损伤。     

Fire and Tillage as Degrading Factors of Soil Structure in Northern Zagros Oak Forest,West Iran

The effects of fire and the conversion to vineyard on soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil aggregate size distribution and stability were studied in a forest of Iran. For this purpose, topsoil was sampled in an unburned area, a portion of the forest burned three years earlier, and a vineyard, all three contiguous and showing similar topographic features. In the burned forest, soil was sampled in areas undergone high, moderate, or low severity. Air‐dried soil samples were sieved to obtain four aggregate size classes, which were subsequently wet sieved. Soil aggregate distribution index, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, and aggregate stability index were determined on both dry and wet specimens. No significant differences in SOC between burned and unburned forest were found, most probably because of the supply of charred biomass to soil, while in the vineyard thirty years of cultivation had removed half of initial SOC. Both severe fire and cultivation had decreased the stability of aggregates and the relative amount of the biggest ones (8 to 2‐cm diameter). However, aggregate stability was significantly lower in the vineyard than in the burned forest, which points out to a stronger impact of prolonged cultivation than a single fire, although severe. Cultivation and severe fire had decreased the proportion of C in macroaggregates, to the advantage of meso (1 to 0.25 mm) and micro (<0.25 mm) aggregates. A hierarchical cluster analysis of all investigated properties and indices demonstrated that cultivation and highly severe fire both were causes of soil degradation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤团聚体和水分动态在3种植被覆盖下的关系

为了探究不同植被覆盖下的土壤水分动态变化和团聚体稳定性的关系,选取桂花地、油菜地、杉树地3种植被下的土壤为研究对象,就团聚体和土壤水分之间的年变化关系、短期变化关系(在短期降雨前后)进行了研究。结果表明:在1年时间内、3种植被下的土壤中,杉树地土壤团聚体稳定性显著高于桂花地和油菜地,并以0.25～2mm的水稳团聚体为主。土壤团聚体稳定性的年变化趋势和土壤水分呈显著负相关关系,在土壤水分含量降低的时候团聚体稳定性升高。在桂花地、油菜地中,土壤水分和<0.25mm粒级团聚体呈显著正相关关系,和>0.25mm粒级团聚体呈负相关趋势,表明水分会促进大团聚体破碎分解成微团聚体,从而改变团聚体稳定性。同时,在短期时间内,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)随着降雨的开始呈现下降趋势,随着降雨的停止,团聚体MWD会逐渐回升。这种变化与降雨以及降雨引起的土壤水分的迅速变化有关。综合长期和短期时间变化,种植杉树林可以有效调控土壤水分变化幅度,提高团聚体稳定性,对预防水土流失具有重要作用。     

降雨特性和坡度对辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地褐土溅蚀的影响

为揭示辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地典型土壤溅蚀特征,选取褐土为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究降雨特性和坡度对溅蚀的影响。结果表明:随着降雨强度的增大,5°和10°溅蚀量分别由6.86g/cm和8.13g/cm增加到14.21g/cm和16.00g/cm,增加幅度为48.47%~209.81%;不同溅蚀距离内的溅蚀量表现为0~5cm>5~10cm>10~15cm>15~20cm>20~25cm,溅蚀距离0~5cm范围内的溅蚀量(75mm/h)为7.29g/cm,占0~25cm范围内总溅蚀量(16.00g/cm)的45.56%,溅蚀距离20~25cm范围内的溅蚀量仅占9.88%。溅蚀量与降雨强度和溅蚀距离均具有较好的指数关系,其回归方程的决定系数R2在0.8以上。随着降雨时间的延续,溅蚀量逐渐增加,但溅蚀量增长率呈减小的趋势;降雨历时由5min增加到10min时溅蚀量增长率最大。溅蚀量和降雨历时之间具有较好的指数关系,其回归方程的决定系数R2在0.9以上。随着降雨强度发生变化时,溅蚀团聚体空间分布规律也随之发生改变。各径级团聚体的溅蚀距离均随降雨强度的增大而增大,2~5mm团聚体由30mm/h的0~5cm扩大到75mm/h的0~15cm。溅蚀团聚体以粒径<1mm为主,小粒径团聚体溅蚀距离和溅蚀量均大于大粒径团聚体,>5mm团聚体并没有迁移。5°总溅蚀量、上坡溅蚀量、下坡溅蚀量、净溅蚀量(75mm/h)依次为14.21,3.54,10.67,7.13g/cm,10°依次为16.00,3.85,12.15,8.30g/cm,与5°相比显著增加12.60%,8.76%,13.87%,16.41%,下坡溅蚀量大于上坡溅蚀量。     

The effect of biochar with biogas digestate or mineral fertilizer on fertility,aggregation and organic carbon content of a sandy soil: Results of a temperate field experiment

Substitution of mineral fertilizers with organic soil amendments is postulated to improve productivity‐relevant soil properties such as aggregation and organic matter (OM) content. However, there is a lack of studies analyzing the effects of biochar and biogas digestate versus mineral fertilizer on soil aggregation and OM dynamics under temperate field conditions. To address this research gap, a field experiment was sampled four years after establishment on a sandy Cambisol in Germany where mineral fertilizer or liquid biogas digestate was applied with or without 3 or 40 Mg biochar ha^?1 (produced at 650°C). Soil samples were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC) content, pH, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, water‐holding capacity, microbial biomass, aggregate size class distribution, and the SOC content associated with these size classes. 40 Mg biochar ha^?1 significantly increased SOC content in all fractions, especially free particulate OM and the 2–0.25 mm fraction. The yield of small macroaggregates (2–0.25 mm) was increased by biochar, but cation exchange capacity, water‐holding capacity, and pH were not consistently improved. Thus, high‐temperature biochar applied to a sandy soil under temperate conditions is primarily recommended to increase SOC content, which could contribute to climate change mitigation if this C remains sequestered over the long‐term. Fertilizer type did not significantly affect SOC content or other measured properties of the sandy Cambisol, suggesting that replacement of mineral fertilizer with digestate has a neutral effect on soil fertility. Co‐application of biochar with digestate provided no advantages for soil properties compared to co‐application with mineral fertilizer. Thus, independent utilization of these organic amendments is equally suitable.