基于Le Bissonnais法的石漠化区桑树地埂土壤团聚体稳定性研究

石漠化区独特的水土流失作用使该区土壤严重退化,地埂植物作为一种独特的农林复合模式对石漠化区土地质量改善和坡耕地土壤生态修复作用明显,能有效保证坡耕地的生态条件和生产性能。选取石漠化区3种不同管理方式的桑树地埂为研究对象,采用传统湿筛(Cаввинов法)和Le Bissonnais法测定土壤团聚体分布与稳定性特征。结果表明:基于Cаввинов法测定的土壤团聚体稳定性以天然林最好,桑埂自然生草地和清草地相对居中,桑埂农地最差;3种管理方式的桑树地埂土壤团聚体稳定性指数(ASI)随地埂距离均表现为ASI_90cm > ASI_60cm > ASI_30cm,主要原因在于桑树地埂对坡耕地土壤团聚体影响的作用范围主要集中在距株30 cm以内,而在地埂30 cm以外田面农耕活动对土壤团聚体结构影响较大,而受桑树地埂影响作用较小。基于Le Bissonnais法快速湿润(FW)处理后土壤团聚体集中分布在0.5-0.25 mm之间,慢速湿润(SW)和湿润振荡(WS)处理后团聚体主要分布在5-1 mm之间。Le Bissonnais法处理后土壤团聚体稳定性表现趋势与Cаввинов法一致,3种处理后的团聚体分形维数D、MWD和GMD均表现为FW < SW < WS。Le Bissonnais法FW和SW处理后团聚体稳定性指标与Cаввинов法达到极显著相关,说明Le Bissonnais法测定石漠化区土壤团聚体稳定性是可行的;石漠化区土壤团聚体稳定性与有机质和粘粒含量呈显著正相关(0.586 ≤ R ≤ 0.864),这说明石漠化区土壤团聚体稳定性是以上两种土壤胶结物质的黏聚作用形成的,且两种土壤胶结物质对土壤消散作用和粘粒膨胀作用引起的团聚体破坏抵抗性强烈,而对低强度机械干扰引起的团聚体破碎没有明显抵抗性,研究结果对石漠化区坡耕地土壤保持具有重要指导意义。     

不同分维骨料级配的杜拉纤维混凝土早期收缩性能试验研究

通过平板试验,研究杜拉纤维混凝土骨料级配的分形特征及纤维掺量对其早期表面塑性开裂的影响两个方面.结果表明,随着骨料级配分维值的逐渐增大,混凝土早期塑性开裂的越严重;掺入杜拉纤维能有效抑制混凝土裂缝的产生.     

粉煤灰陶粒混凝土配合比的正交实验研究

针对大庆热电厂粉煤灰新型建材公司的粉煤灰陶粒,吉林省的鼎鹿牌水泥、大方牌减水剂,将水泥用量、净水用量、体积砂率和减水剂用量作为4个因素,每个因素取3个值,通过正交实验,测定试件的塌落度、7 d抗压强度、28 d抗压强度。实验结果分析,确定用以上材料可以配制强度为LC35级的轻骨料混凝土,其较佳配合比为C∶S∶G∶W∶减水剂=1∶1.60∶1.05∶0.34∶0.0065。此配合比下的新拌混凝土的塌落度为56 mm,7 d抗压强度均值33.2 MPa,28 d抗压强度均值40.1 MPa,标准差3.1 MPa。28 d抗压强度标准值为37 MPa。     

Visual structure assessment and mechanical soil properties of re‐cultivated soils made up of loess

Re‐cultivated soils (previously piled soils used as the final surface cover in renovation of open cast mine sites) are particularly susceptible to compaction, which is why a simple estimate of mechanical strength is necessary for land management. In this study, therefore, precompression stress (?6 kPa matric potential) was determined for a total of 20 soil layers from 9 repeatedly cultivated areas of arable land in North Rhine–Westphalia (Germany), along with the aggregate density/dry bulk density ratio (as a measure of density heterogeneity) and air capacity (as a soil ecological parameter). These results are contrasted with the determination of packing density. Packing density (PD) is an integrated parameter that combines various properties (aggregate size, cohesion of the soil structure, root distribution, biogenic macropores and aggregate arrangement) and is assessed visually in the field. Packing density levels range between 1 (very loose soil) and 5 (very highly compacted). There is a strongly negative relationship between packing density and both the aggregate density/dry bulk density ratio and air capacity. Conversely, mechanical precompression stress increases with packing density. Ranges of the individual parameters can be assigned to each of the packing density levels. Packing density level 3 represents an optimization with regard to mechanical soil stability whilst maintaining minimum air capacity requirements (5–8 Vol.‐%).     

抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳稳定性的影响

冷浸稻田是长江流域重要的低产稻田类型之一,近年来抛荒严重,而抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体的影响并不清楚。本研究以连年种植的冷浸稻田(CWC)、抛荒3年的冷浸稻田(CWA3)和抛荒6年的冷浸稻田(CWA6)为对象,分析抛荒后冷浸稻田土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳稳定性,以期为准确评估抛荒对长期淹水土壤的结构和有机碳的影响提供数据支持。结果表明,不论是0~25 cm土层还是25~50 cm土层,冷浸稻田土壤53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例均超过40%;0~25 cm土层土壤250μm团聚体比例超过35%;53~250μm粒级团聚体比例低于20%。抛荒使0~25 cm土层53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例显著增加,53~250μm粒级比例显著降低。在0~25 cm土层,抛荒使有机碳活性指数Ⅰ(LIc-Ⅰ)在53μm粒级和250μm粒级上升高,有机碳活性指数Ⅱ(LIc-Ⅱ)在53~250μm和250μm粒级上降低;而有机碳难降解指数(RIc)在53μm和53~250μm粒级上降低。土壤总有机碳随抛荒时间延长而增加。     

酸沉降对土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性的影响

从土壤团聚体的角度探讨了酸沉降对土壤可蚀性的影响。根据已有的资料分析表明 ,酸沉降主要通过改变土壤的酸碱条件、土壤胶体的稳定性以及土壤胶结物质的数量和性质来影响土粒团聚和有机无机复合 ;其结果是团聚作用降低而黏粒含量增加 ,最终导致土壤的可蚀性加大。由此可见 ,长期的酸沉降在土壤侵蚀退化中具有重要作用 ,进行深入而广泛的有关酸沉降对土壤结构体的影响研究 ,可为从土壤结构管理的角度防治土壤侵蚀退化提供理论依据     

A comparison of soil and water properties in organic and conventional farming systems in England

Organic farming and improvements to agricultural sustainability are often seen as synonymous. However, an extensive European review demonstrated that in practice this is not always true. This study aims to compare the status of soil and water properties between separate fields managed in either an organic or a conventional manner. Soil samples were collected from 16 pairs of farms, throughout England, with both arable and grass fields within each pair on similar soil type. Chemical (nutrients, pesticides, herbicides) and physical (aggregate stability, field capacity, shear strength, soil organic matter, infiltration rates) soil properties were measured in four main soil texture classes in organic and conventional fields. The physical soil properties varied significantly between the different classes of texture and land use. The heavier textured soils have significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability and shear strength. The coarse‐textured soils have significantly lower field capacity moisture contents. The grassland has a significantly higher level of SOC, field capacity moisture content, aggregate stability and soil shear strength. However, there were no significant differences between organic and conventional treatments for any of the soil physical properties measured. There were fewer traces of agrochemicals in the soil water from the organic fields compared with the conventionally managed fields. The conventional arable fields had higher levels of total inorganic nitrogen than the other land uses and treatments. There was evidence to show that infiltration rates were significantly higher on organically managed grassland soils (7.6 mm/h) than conventionally managed grassland (2.5 mm/h) with lower stocking rates. The results suggest that improved grassland management, whether organic or conventional, could reduce predicted runoff by 28%.     

Effects of cattle manure on selected soil physical properties of smallholder farms on two soils of Murewa,Zimbabwe

The effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were determined on clay and sandy soils of the Murewa smallholder farming area, Zimbabwe. Maize was grown in four fields termed homefields (HFs) and outfields (OFs) because of spatial variability induced by management practices and with the following fertility treatments: control (no fertility amelioration), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N applied annually for seven consecutive years. The addition of cattle manure resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in SOC, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon in clay soils from at least the 5 t/ha cattle manure rate and was comparable between HFs and OFs on clay soils. Aggregate protected carbon in clay soils was significantly higher from the 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure rates compared to the 5 t/ha cattle manure treatment. In contrast, only SOC was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the addition of cattle manure on the sandy soils, while bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were not significantly changed. Bulk density was also not significantly (P > 0.05) different on the clay soils. A significant and positive linear relationship (r² = 0.85) was found between SOC and macro‐aggregate stability, while an r² value of 0.82 was obtained between SOC and aggregate protected carbon on the clay soils. However, no regressions were performed on data from the sandy soils because of the lack of significant changes in soil physical properties. Application of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer significantly increased (P < 0.05) maize grain yield on both soil types. Results show that inorganic N‐fertilizer combined with cattle manure at 5–15 t/ha per yr is necessary to increase maize yields and SOC on sandy soils in Murewa, while at least 15 t/ha per yr cattle manure is required on the clay soils to improve physical properties in addition to maize yields and SOC.     

坡缕石对藏木香生长、产量、品质及高原土壤团聚体的影响

本试验采用田间单因素随机区组设计,研究了加施破缕石坡缕石对藏木香产量、品质及土壤团粒结构的影响。结果表明:坡缕石用量750 kg hm-2~3000 kg hm-2时下,均能提高匙藏木香的产量和品质,3000 kg hm-2时产量最高,根径最粗、主根最长、植株最高,且较对照极显著增产29.43%(P<0.01);2250 kg hm-2多糖含量最高,品质最优;坡缕石能显著增加直径>0.25mm和0.25～0.5 mm团聚体总数。这一研究结果在藏木香栽培中科学合理的将N、P、K肥料与破缕石配施是提供了科学依据。     

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types (i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties (including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3t) of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52 g kg-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of　＞0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates (＞5 mm) is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMWD) ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and A13+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.