黄土高原旱地保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体特性变化研究

以春玉米品种沈玉17为材料,设置保护性耕作（NT）、传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）和传统耕作（CT）3种耕作方式,通过多年定位试验,研究黄土高原旱塬地保护性耕作农田土壤有机质及团聚体特性的变化。结果表明,NT与TS和CT相比能显著提高土壤有机质含量。干筛法分析结果表明,0-30 cm深度,NT处理粒径〉0.25mm的大团聚体含量、平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,MWD）均显著高于TS和CT处理。湿筛法分析结果表明,水稳性团聚体MWD在0-10 cm深度为NT〉TS〉CT,处理间差异显著（P〈0.05）;0-20 cm深度,NT处理土壤团聚体破坏率均低于CT处理。保护性耕作能促进土壤团聚体的形成,提高团聚体的稳定性,而传统耕作则由于人为扰乱土层结构,降低了土壤团聚体数量和稳定性。     

免耕对东北黑土水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的短期效应

 【目的】探讨免耕措施下黑土总有机碳和水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的动态变化,以及免耕对团聚体结合碳和总有机碳之间相关关系的影响,为筛选出免耕对黑土结构和质量影响的评价指标提供科学依据。【方法】以在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了5年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕（NT）、秋翻（MP）和垄作（RT）3种耕作处理下耕层（0～30 cm）黑土有机碳和团聚体结合碳的动态变化及其相互关系进行分析。【结果】5年的NT处理并没有增加耕层有机碳（SOC）平均含量,但显著增加了表层（0～5 cm）的SOC含量,增加量为2001年的9.9%。NT试验前后,黑土总有机碳和＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳变化趋势一致,总有机碳除在表层（0～5 cm）变化显著外,其它土层变化均不明显,但＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳各层均有显著变化,说明＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳对耕作方式的响应较总有机碳更为敏感。相关分析表明,NT处理下黑土总有机碳与＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳之间存在显著的正相关关系。【结论】黑土＞1 000 μm级团聚体可以用于评价免耕对黑土结构和肥力的短期影响。     

不同耕作方式对黑土有机质和团聚体的影响

对吉林省公主岭市长期定位试验站不同耕作方式下黑土有机质含量和团聚体组成进行了测定分析,结果表明,与传统耕作秋翻秋耙匀垄相比,宽窄行交替休闲处理和全方位旋耕处理增加了土壤表层有机质含量和0～30cm范围内>0.25mm水稳性团聚体数量,改善了土壤结构。宽窄行交替休闲处理对于提高深层土壤有机质含量也有显著效果,优于其他处理,应加以提倡。     

周年轮作休耕模式对土壤球囊霉素和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究周年轮作休耕模式对土壤球囊霉素和团聚体稳定性的影响规律与机制,通过田间试验设置苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作、休闲-玉米和全年休闲4个处理,分析不同种植模式下团聚体、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)及有机碳(SOC)的变化规律。结果表明:与休闲-玉米、苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作相比,全年休闲能显著增加大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,提高团聚体稳定性;在不同团聚体粒级下,与休闲-玉米相比,苕子-玉米轮作、豌豆-玉米轮作和全年休闲均能有效增加GRSP和SOC的含量,且全年休闲效果更佳;结构方程模型的结果显示,GRSP对SOC和可溶性有机碳(DOC)有直接的正面影响,对团聚体稳定性有间接影响,各因子对平均质量直径的总效应由大到小依次为WSA_>0.25(>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体)>DOC>总GRSP>SOC>易提取GRSP;相关性分析表明,不同团聚体粒级下GRSP与SOC均呈线性正相关关系,但在不同粒级下的相关系数的大小有所差异。研究表明,合理的轮作休耕模式有助于恢复地力,改善耕地质量,减少水土流失。     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0～20、20～40、40～60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0～20、20～40cm和40～60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14～2.60、1.39～2.80倍和27.03%～180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95～18.29、7.57～12.31倍和70.67%～709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出...     

两相流分离鳃泥沙下沉通道宽度对水沙分离影响的试验研究

通过设定两相流分离鳃不同泥沙下沉通道宽度,对含沙水流进行泥沙沉降试验.结果表明,分离鳃的最小泥沙下沉通道宽度为1 mm,否则泥沙将会发生淤堵.在通道宽度在2～5 mm时,随着通道宽度的增加,泥沙沉速加快;当通道宽度＞5 mm时,随着通道宽度的增加,泥沙沉速变化不大.     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

荒地红壤脱水过程中的结构性演变

以浙江金衢盆地未开垦的荒地红壤为例,研究了红壤心土层在逐步风干脱水条件下的结构性变化情况。结果表明,荒地红壤心土层土体在脱水条件下,结构性有所增强,生成了许多"假砂"结构体,使得土壤物理性质有所改善。此外,进一步研究了该变化过程中土壤持水能力的变化以及土体内胶结物质所起的作用。同时指出在荒地红壤改良中,进行开荒培肥、提高有机质含量对于该地区水土保持和农业生产的重要意义。     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。     

Response of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Aggregate Fractions to Long- Term Fertilization in Irrigated Desert Soil of China

Irrigated desert soil samples in the Hexi Corridor of China were collected over a period of 23 years from a site where different fertilization methods had been used. Changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its water stable aggregate (WSA) size fractions were studied. The effects of various fertilization methods on the distribution of added organic carbon (OC) in different WSA size fractions were also analyzed. The results showed that the applied fertilizations for 23 years improved SOC concentrations and OC concentrations in all WSA size fractions compared to the non-fertilized treatment (CK). In addition, fertilization obviously increased the OC stocks of <2 mm WSA size fractions compared to the CK. The average OC stock of <0.053 mm WSA fraction was 1.7, 1.6 and 3.2 times higher than those of >2 mm, 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between soil C gains and OC inputs (r=0.92, P<0.05), indicating that SOC may have not reached the saturation point yet at the site. The C sequestration rate was estimated by 14.02% at the site. The OC stocks in all of the <2 mm WSA fractions increased with the increase of OC input amounts; and the conversion rate of the input fresh OC to the OC stock of <0.053 mm WSA fraction was 1.2 and 2.6 times higher than those of the 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. Therefore, the <0.053 mm WSA fraction was the most important component for soil C sequestration in the irrigated desert soil.