Fundamental research of hazard-free treatment for MSW incineration fly ash by metallurgical sintering

MSW incineration fly ash should be treated safely because it is one of acknowledged hazard solid wastes. Metallurgical sinter has a similar high temperature environment as melting treatment,therefore,it is proposed as hazard-free treatment for MSWI fly ash. Experiments are carried out to investigate the pelleting properties of fly ash and the seperation and solidification of heavy matals in MSWI fly ash iron-bath melting process. The results show that adding 8% cement and 1% agent for solidification,the compressive strength of fly ash pellets is 600~700 N/bellet when its curing period is about 8 ~11 d,achieving the demands for transporting and sintering. By iron-bath melting,more than 90% Mn and Fe in MSWI fly ash are removed and solidified in iron phase,and the distribution ratio of Cr and Cu in iron phase is beyond 70%. The leaching toxicity of molten slag are tested,and the leaching toxicity of all the metals can reach the standard. All the results indicate that the hazard-free treatment for MSWI fly ash by metallurgical sintering is feasible.     

油气管道废弃处置中的注浆技术

随着废弃管道处置工作的深入开展,对于特殊地段不能拆除的废弃管道,在管道清洗后需要通过填充注浆材料防止地面沉降。废弃管道的注浆技术,主要是利用水泥、煤粉灰等注浆材料填充废弃管段,增加管体强度,防止管段受到外力压迫而发生变形或破裂,避免引起地上物的位置移动或地面塌陷。以兰郑长管道改线段为试验对象,根据管道注浆的基本原理,自主调配了注浆材料,基于填充要求进行了注浆现场试验。结果表明:注浆技术能够实现废弃管道填充处置的要求,对特殊地段的防塌陷起到关键作用,是废弃管道处置过程中的重要保障技术。注浆技术在兰郑长管道改线段废弃管道处置工程中的实际效果,为该技术推广应用奠定了基础。     

Characterisation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoma tracheiphila</Emphasis> by RAPD-PCR,microsatellite-primed PCR and ITS rDNA sequencing and development of specific primers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">in planta</Emphasis> PCR detection

Thirty six isolates of Phoma tracheiphila from Italy, the causal agent of the mal secco disease on Citrus species, were characterised by different molecular tools in comparison with representative isolates of other phytopathogenic Phoma species. These included analysis of the distribution of RAPD and microsatellite markers and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rRNA genes. The results obtained with 12 RAPD primers (92 markers) and 7 microsatellite primers (56 markers) suggest that Italian isolates of P. tracheiphila are genetically homogeneous, leading to identical patterns upon amplification with all the tested primers. Accordingly, ITSI-5.8S-ITS2 sequences were highly conserved (98–100% identity along a 544-characters alignment) among all the isolates of P. tracheiphila. A neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequences of P. tracheiphila in comparison with those of other Phoma species, as well as with alignable sequences from anamorphic and teleomorphic taxa retrieved in BLAST searches, revealed a close relationship between P. tracheiphila and Leptosphaeria congesta. A pair of P. tracheiphila-specific primers was designed on the consensus sequence (555 residues) obtained from the alignment of the newly generated P. tracheiphila ITS sequences. A PCR-based specific assay coupled to electrophoretic separation of amplicons made it possible to detect P. tracheiphila in naturally infected Citrus wood tissue collected from both symptomatic and symptomless plants. The limit of detection was 10 pg of genomic DNA and 5 fg of the ITS target sequence.     

旱地小麦保护性耕作增加播前地表处理的研究

针对临汾旱地小麦保护性耕作试验中存在的播种质量不高、缺苗断垄、苗数不足等问题进行了研究。主要采用覆盖深松加地表处理的方法，研究了不同地表处理对土壤墒情、覆盖率、小麦产量和经济效益的影响。结果是：在覆盖量相同的情况下，动土量越小，土壤保墒效果越好；与保护性耕作原工艺相比，增加地表处理后播种质量改善、出苗率提高；增加地表处理可提高0～50 cm土层水分利用率；增加地表处理使小麦单产在保护性耕作基本处理的基础上显著提高，经济效益明显。试验证明，覆盖深松加地表处理是一项旱地小麦增产的有效措施。     

秸秆对厨余垃圾堆肥臭气和渗滤液减排的影响

厨余垃圾单独堆肥会产生大量渗滤液及臭气物质,严重影响环境质量。该试验以玉米秸秆作为添加材料,按质量比（湿基）为1∶3添加到厨余垃圾中进行堆肥试验,并以厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照,对比分析了2个堆肥处理的腐熟度变化、主要臭气物质及渗滤液的排放规律。研究结果表明：从温度、pH值、电导率（EC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,添加秸秆的堆肥处理其腐熟度明显优于厨余垃圾单独堆肥处理,且添加秸秆后,可有效稀释厨余垃圾堆肥产品的盐分含量;2个堆肥处理的臭气物质浓度分析表明：添加秸秆的厨余堆肥处理NH3的平均排放浓度比厨余垃圾单独堆肥提高了3.3%,而甲硫醚、硫化氢和甲硫醇的平均排放浓度分别降低了62.3%,67.9%和49.6%;厨余垃圾单独堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生量占堆肥原料质量的32.6%（湿基）,添加秸秆的处理在堆肥过程中不产生渗滤液。因此,玉米秸秆在提高厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度、控制渗滤液和臭气物质排放方面具有显著的促进作用。     

全林标记采伐木在森林经营作业设计调查中的应用

为提高森林经营作业中林分采伐蓄积量的精度,将误差降至最低,对森林经营作业小班采取全林标记采伐木的方法进行调查设计,通过2a的摸索实践,结果表明,与传统调查设计方法相比,采伐木蓄积误差明显降低,作业质量大幅提高。实践证明,该方法在森林经营工作中切实可行,值得推广。     

废弃物处理的现状及案例研究

指出了对工业废弃物的妥善处理不仅可以使之作为能源和资源得到有效利用,还能起到温室气体减排的效果。分析了我国在废弃物处理领域的应用现状及存在的问题,并提出了相应的措施和建议。     

病死动物腐败过程中优势菌种的筛选与分离鉴定

本研究旨在筛选出病死动物无害化处理罐中参与动物尸体腐败的优势菌种,为研发加速动物尸体腐败的微生物制剂提供理论依据。收集病死动物无害化处理罐中动物尸体腐败液,按照10倍递增稀释方法,在参与动物尸体腐败的微生物菌群中成功筛选出一株优势菌种,采用传统分离鉴定方法和分子生物学鉴定方法对优势菌种进行鉴定。结果表明,优势腐败菌种为芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌,其16S rRNA基因序列与Bacillus subtilis strain 22（FJ435215.1）的同源性为99.53%。     

Fractionation of woody biomass with boiling aqueous acetic acid containing a small amount of mineral acid at atmospheric pressure: Reactivity of arylglycerol-β-aryl ethers in lignins with aqueous acetic acid containing H2SO4

To characterize the mechanism of the reaction of lignin with aqueous acetic acid (AW) containing a small amount of H₂SO₄, guaiacylglycerol--guaiacyl ether (GOG), and guaiacylglycerol--syringol ether (GOS) were refluxed in 90% AW with 0.28% H₂SO₄ for 0–120 min. Reaction products and their silylated derivatives were characterized by analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. When the model compounds were allowed to react at boiling temperature for 0 min (heat-up time 30 min), most of their primary alcohol groups and some of their secondary alcohol groups were acetylated, but their phenolic groups were not. About 90% of GOG was degraded, polymerized, or both during boiling for at least 15 min, yielding guaiacol and isocoumaran compounds (GOG-e and GOG-f) in addition to homovanillin (II) as guaiacylvinyl alcohol (I) and other minor products. GOS yielded syringol, homovanillin (II), and a novel compound (V) together with unknown products but not the corresponding isocoumaran compounds.     

农业有机废弃物集中回收处理后资源化利用体系研究——以甘南县兴鲜村为例

中国东北地区农业废弃物以秸秆和鸡粪为主,其中含有大量的物质和能量资源,也含有大量抗生素和病原菌,处理得当便能“变废为宝”,处理不当便会成为农业生产中最大的污染来源。同时东北地区气候寒冷,废弃物腐熟过程中升温存在困难。利用好氧堆肥过程中的高温腐熟作用可以封闭废弃物表面重金属,降解抗生素,消灭病原菌,也是目前无害化程度最高的处理方式。本研究以兴鲜村作为代表,利用草籽比和养分平衡率对肥料化利用潜力进行估计分析,结合卫星遥感图确定寒地堆肥的选址要素和系统处理方案。预计该村落每年产生的农业有机废弃物总含氮量可以满足454.341 t玉米或474.993 t水稻果实的生产,集中处理后好氧堆肥可产生有机肥400 t。该研究具有一定可实行性,可为东北地区农村农业废弃物的资源化利用和无害化处理提供参考。