浅谈城市污水处理及工业污水在线监测

介绍了城市污水处理的现状、在线监测系统开发的必要性、应用情况以及系统所采用的在线设备和指标。提出了在城市管网工业废水排口进行在线监测的预警系统，特别是在工业酸度测试仪中集成了通信模块，利用GPRS无线传输技术，对工业污水中的pH值进行了在线监测有效地保护了城市管网、泵站以及污水处理厂的设备。     

9种园林植物的耐盐性比较

采用田间盆栽试验法,用衡水市区原土配制成含盐量分别为2.2g/kg、3.1g/kg、4.2g/kg、4.9g/kg、6.7g/kg、10.2g/kg的栽培土对9种供试植物进行了盐胁迫处理,测定了供试植物的存活率、相对生长量、叶绿素含量及相对含水量等指标,对9种植物的耐盐性进行研究。结果表明:在盐胁迫下,9种植物的存活率、相对生长量、叶绿素含量及相对含水量等指标均呈明显下降趋势,下降程度因种类而异。综合各指标的分析可知,9种植物的耐盐性差异较大,其耐盐性强弱的顺序为:白蜡国槐木槿栾树冬青卫茅紫叶李紫丁香金叶女贞楸树。     

森林火灾扑救风险控制与处置的对策

森林火灾扑救属于高风险、高危险作业.该文依据风险管理理论和国内外减灾战略要求,针对森林火灾扑救风险的特点和规律,以实现扑救效益大、风险小、损失少为最终目标,明确提出以人为本、风险认知、风险责任、风险预警、风险决策、风险规避、风险控制、应急避险和风险转移等对策与措施,科学有效地控制和处置森林火灾扑救风险,从而确保森林消防队员人身安全,确保国家森林资源和林区人民生命财产安全.     

Steroidogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at various preovulatory stages: changes in plasma hormone levels andin vivo andin vitro responses of the ovary to salmon gonadotropin

In order to specify the timing of some changes in ovarian steroid production during the transition from vitellogenesis to ovulation, plasma hormones levels andin vivo andin vitro responses of the ovary to salmon gonadotropin (s-GtH) or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (db-cAMP) were recorded in relationship with the state of germinal vesicle migration in the oocyte.In vivo, a small, but significant, increase of plasma 17-hydroxy-20-dihydroprogesterone (17, 20-OH-P) level was detected earlier (at the subperipheral germinal vesicle stage) than the increase of GtH level (detectable at the peripheral germinal vesicle stage) and the decline of oestradiol-17 (E2–17) (also detectable at the peripheral germinal vesicle stage). Negative correlations were established between E2–17 levels and GtH (=–0.53) or 17,20-OH-P (=–0,43) levels while a positive correlation occurred between 17,20-OH-P and GtH levels (=+0,54).In vivo no action of GtH on the decline of E2–17 levels was detected GtH did not stimulate 17,20-OH-P production, within 72h, in females at the end of vitellogenesis stage. It had significant effect in females at other stages closer to ovulation, but the pattern of responses changed according to the stage.In vitro db-cAMP like GtH was able to stimulate 17,20-OH-P output from ovarian follicles. The greatest response was observed at the later stage. (GVBD). Testosterone output was also increased by GtH, but the lowest response was observed at the later stage (GVBD). Androstenedione output was lower than testosterone output.In vitro, a small but significant decline of E2–17 output was induced by GtH. We conclude that substantial changes occur during the very last stages prior to ovulation, both in the steroidogenic potential of the ovary and in the ovarian sensitivity to GtH. 20-oxydoreductase is probably progressively induced during GV migration when GtH basal levels are increasing but still relatively low. Without minimizing the role of discrete pulses of GtH on this induction, we could expect synergic actions of other hormones. Thus a high testosterone/oestradiol ratio in the follicle environment favours 17,20-OH-P secretion.     

Effects of salinity, dietary level of protein and 17α-methyltestosterone on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (tPRL177 and tPRL188) levels in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of environmental salinity, diet (35% and 25% crude protein) and 17-methyltestosterone (MT) on corresponding levels of pituitary and serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactins (tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈) in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). We observed no discernible patterns in serum GH that would suggest an effect of salinity, diet or MT. However, serum GH levels in all treatments declined at 1 and 3h after first feeding. Serum tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈ were significantly higher in freshwater (FW) than in seawater (SW) and levels were significantly affected by dietary protein. tPRL₁₇₇ levels were higher in all groups fed a 35% protein diet, but tPRL₁₈₈ levels were higher only in the groups fed the MT-treated 35% protein diet; only serum tPRL₁₈₈ levels were affected by MT. Moreover, serum tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈ increased throughout the sampling time-course. Subsequent work using fasted tilapia suggests that first feeding is likely to initiate the post-prandial suppression of serum GH levels. In contrast with the picture observed in blood, pituitary glands of SW animals showed higher levels of GH than FW fish. Pituitary GH was elevated by MT in both FW and SW. We also observed that pituitary tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈ levels were higher in FW fish than in SW fish; tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈ levels were elevated by MT only in FW animals. To assess the somatomedin activity of plasma from FW- and SW-reared tilapia, we measured [35S]-sulfate incorporation into ceratobranchial cartilage explants in vitro. Plasma from SW-adapted tilapia showed greater activity in this assay than plasma from FW-reared tilapia, suggesting that the GH-dependent IGF bioactivity of plasma is higher in SW-reared tilapia. Collectively, these studies suggest that the growth-promoting actions of SW rearing and of MT administration in tilapia may be linked to elevations in GH and/or prolactin (tPRL₁₇₇ and tPRL₁₈₈)levels.     

责任认知与社会资本对农户生活垃圾集中处理支付意愿的影响

探索建立垃圾处理农户付费制度是缓解各级政府对农村生活垃圾集中处理公共品供给压力的有效途径,对持续改善农村人居环境与建设生态宜居的美丽乡村具有重要意义。基于湖北和河南两省农户调研数据,分析农户生活垃圾集中处理的支付意愿,采用Ordered Probit模型探讨责任认知和社会资本对农户生活垃圾集中处理支付意愿的影响,并使用条件混合估计方法(CMP)解决内生性问题。结果表明,当前仍有48.53%的样本农户不愿为生活垃圾集中处理支付费用,而在愿意支付费用的农户中,其意愿水平为每月10～19元。责任认知通过内容认知和后果认知两个维度正向激励着农户的支付意愿。除人际信任外,社会资本中强关系网络、弱关系网络、制度信任、社会支持和社会需要都对农户支付意愿产生正向影响。强关系网络、社会支持在结果认知与农户支付意愿之间发挥正向调节作用,弱关系网络、制度信任和社会需要在内容认知与农户支付意愿之间发挥正向调节作用。因此,建议提高农户责任认知水平,强化多维度社会资本积累,并完善工作机制以发挥社会资本在组织运行中的显著优势,从而有效推动农户参与农村生活垃圾集中处理。     

滩涂淤泥在人工藻礁制备中的应用

为了有效利用滩涂淤泥中的营养物质,加快人工藻场的构建进程,通过筛除、烘干等方法将滩涂淤泥制成人工藻礁的原料,按照不同比例与水泥混合(0.3∶1、0.5∶1、0.7∶1、0.9∶1)制备成人工藻礁礁块,采用一元线性回归方法对不同淤泥-水泥混合比藻礁中的营养盐溶出效果进行了分析,并测量了各混合比礁体的抗压强度。结果表明,各比例礁体中氮、磷的溶出规律基本符合线性模式(R20.73);各混合比礁体中营养盐的溶出效果符合缓释肥的释放规律,可持续向周边水体中溶出含有氮、磷的营养物质;铵盐的溶出效果随淤泥含量的增加呈上升趋势,且各混合比礁块之间有极显著差异(P0.01);磷酸盐的溶出效果随淤泥含量的增加呈上升趋势,但各混合比礁块之间并无显著差异(P0.05);此外,礁体的抗压强度随淤泥含量的增加呈下降趋势。该研究可为滩涂淤泥在人工鱼礁制作和人工藻场增殖中的应用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

典型粪污处理模式下规模养猪场农牧结合规模配置研究Ⅱ. 粪污直接厌氧发酵处理模式

粪污直接厌氧发酵模式是当前我国畜禽粪污处理的另一种主要模式。研究粪污直接厌氧发酵模式下规模养猪场农牧结合适宜规模配置对于减少畜禽粪便污染、促进畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以存栏万头猪场为例,采用分步逐级计算的方法估算典型粪便处理模式——粪污直接厌氧发酵模式下,规模养猪场废弃物完全消纳的不同种植模式农田匹配面积,并研究了基于作物养分需求的不同种植模式农田畜禽粪便承载量,以期为畜牧业废弃物减排、农牧结合生态模式建立提供理论依据。结果表明:粪污直接厌氧发酵处理模式,以沼渣和沼液全部在农田安全消纳为目标,万头猪场需要配置的最少农田面积分别为粮油作物地272.5~285.4 hm2,或茄果类蔬菜地149.4~188.2 hm2,或果树苗木地599.4~1 248.8 hm2;该模式下粮油作物地、茄果类蔬菜地、果树苗木地每公顷分别可承载35~37头、53~67头、8~17头存栏猪排放粪便的发酵沼渣和沼液。规模养猪场应根据猪养殖数量及其周边农田面积,选择适宜的粪污处理模式及种植作物类型,因地制宜,合理调控。为了确保作物养分需求,所有作物种植模式沼液施用后还需要补充一定量的化肥。本文中9种模式均需补充钾肥,其中,辣椒-黄瓜模式钾肥补充量最高,占其需求量的48.0%;黄瓜-蕃茄模式其次,占其需求量的34.4%;粮油作物、梨和茶叶还需同时补充氮肥,补充量为51.2~193.7 kg·hm-2;茄果类蔬菜、葡萄和桃则需要补充13.8~108.8 kg·hm-2的磷肥。     

猪屠宰检疫方法与处理措施

我国畜牧养殖产业迅猛向前发展,养殖规模扩大的同时,各种养殖安全问题凸显,瘦肉精、毒奶粉等事件频繁爆发,使食品安全问题备受社会大众关注。猪肉作为人们日常餐桌上的蛋白质来源,品质和质量会对消费者的身心健康产生严重威胁。为更好地贯彻动物防疫法规和生猪屠宰检疫管理条例,确保消费者吃上放心肉,需要严格按照国家相关规定要求开展生猪屠宰检疫,并按照程序对确诊带病的猪肉制品进行严格的无害化处置,避免带病动物上市销售威胁消费者身心健康。该文论述猪屠宰检疫方法和带病猪肉组织的处置措施。     

Variation and genomic polymorphism of lectin-related proteins in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) seeds

Variation of the lectin and the two lectin-related proteins, AIL (-amylase inhibitor-like) and ARL (arcelin-like) was examined in wild and cultivated accessions of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) using electrophoresis of total seed proteins, immunoblot and RFLP analysis of lectin-related genes. Results confirm that divergence of the two major Lima bean gene pools, Andean and Mesoamerican, also apply to this protein family. All three members of the family are present in both gene pools, with differences in size, abundance and composition between gene pools, giving the possibility to distinguish Andean from Mesoamerican lectin pattern types. Both patterns show some variants, such as lack of lectin or its presence as an abundant protein. The observed variation reflects, at least in part, into genomic polymorphism. The presence of arcelin- and -amylase-related proteins in Lima bean could represent a tool to increase our knowledge in the evolution of the lectin family in Phaseolus species.