过磷酸钙和双氰胺联用减少污泥堆肥温室气体及NH3排放

为研究添加剂过磷酸钙和硝化抑制剂双氰胺联用对脱水污泥高温好氧堆肥氨气和温室气体减排的影响效果,该文以脱水污泥和玉米秸秆为原材料,设置4个堆肥处理分别为:不添加任何添加剂作为对照(CK),只添加3.5%(湿基)过磷酸钙为SP3.5,在添加0.1%双氰胺基础上分别加入3.5%(湿基)过磷酸钙(SD3.5)和5.0%(湿基)过磷酸钙(SD5.0)控制材料,在60 L发酵罐中进行为期34 d好氧高温堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体、氨气排放速率及堆体总有机碳和总氮损失率。结果表明:添加过磷酸钙及硝化抑制剂双氰胺可以促进堆肥腐熟和提高堆肥品质,同时降低堆肥过程中的总氮损失、NH_3排放以及显著减少污泥堆肥总温室气体排放。2种添加剂联合使用使SD3.5和SD5.0处理氮素损失相比于CK处理减少10.92%和13.08%,总温室气体排放量比对照减少65.6%和74.8%。该研究可为污泥堆肥添加剂的选择以及污染气体的减排控制提供参考。     

农作物病害危害程度自动测定与分级的研究

准确、快速地处理与识别植物病害图像,并自动可靠地对其进行危害程度测定是进行农作物病害防治的关键.为此,研究了利用分形理论对农作物病变叶片自然纹理图像进行了处理,利用BP网络来实现自然纹理图像的分类问题.同时,分析了各种不同的特征在分类器中的性能,提出了一种纹理特征性能的比较方法.结果表明:适当选取分形维数的不同计算方法互相组合,可以提高分类器的性能.     

生活垃圾处理机生物降解生活垃圾的微生物研究

[目的]采用生活垃圾处理机生物降解生活垃圾中的微生物。[方法]收集厨余垃圾,对降解混合垃圾、分类垃圾的优势菌群中的菌株和复合菌剂中的菌株进行培养和鉴定。[结果]鉴定出原菌剂中微生物11株;降解淀粉类垃圾的优势菌群微生物3株,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtili,s BDh9）、杂菌（sta1）和淀粉液化芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B,BDh1）;降解蛋白质类生活垃圾优势菌群微生物3株,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtili,s BDh9）、杂菌（sta1）和肉食杆菌属（Carnobacterium divergens,BD5）;降解纤维素类垃圾的优势菌群微生物5株,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis,BDh9）、杂菌（sta1）、伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia multivoran,s BDh6）、环状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus circulans,BD1）和杂菌（sta2）。[结论]该研究可为建立生物降解生活垃圾自主技术打下基础。     

Cadmium sulfate application to sludge‐amended soils: II. Extraction of Cd,Zn and Mn from solid phases

Abstract

Cadmium, Zn and Mn in eleven paired soils (one which had a history of sludge application and a control from adjacent land where sludge had not been used) were partitioned into five fractions: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate bound and sulfide, by the use of KNO₃, H₂0, NaOH, EDTA and HNO₃, respect‐ively. The data indicate that the major portion of the total metals was found in the carbonate, sulfide and organic fractions. Addition of CaCO₃caused an increase in the exchangeable + soluble fractions of added Cd in the soils, but had little effect on native or sludge derived Cd.     

餐厨废油壳聚糖脱酸初探

指出了游离脂肪酸含量过高会对餐厨废油后续碱性酯化处理产生不利影响,通过碱液对壳聚糖进行（活化）改性,并对不同活化条件下的壳聚糖吸附餐厨废油中游离脂肪酸的效果进行了评价。研究发现：壳聚糖在40℃,0．9mol／L NaO H －乙醇溶液中活化6h后,吸附效率得到极大提升,再与餐厨废油发生吸附,当吸附时间为6h ,吸附温度为65℃时,吸附量最大,为131．1mgKO H／g。     

Red palm oil as a source of β-carotene for combating vitamin A deficiency

Twenty four school children of 7–9 years of age were divided into two groups of six boys and six girls each. One group was given a daily supplement of Suji halwa, a sweet snack made with semolina and red palm oil, supplying 2400 µg of -carotene and the second group was the control group which was given 600 µg of oral vitamin A palmitate, for 60 days. Vitamin A status before and after supplementation was assessed by the Modified Relative Dose Response Assay (MRDR). Results indicated that serum vitamin A levels increased from the basal level of 0.86±0.13 µmol/l to 1.89±0.23 µmol/l in the Red Palmoil (RPO) group and from 0.74±0.09 to 1.94±0.21 µmol/l in the control vitamin A group. Dehydroretinol/Retinol (DR/R) ratio decreased from 0.073±0.025 to 0.023±0.004 in the RPO group and from 0.090±0.023 to 0.023±0.004 in the vitamin A group, indicating liver saturation with vitamin A after feeding RPO snacks, comparable to synthetic vitamin A. This study indicates that RPO is an efficient source of -carotene which is found to be bioavailable in all the subjects tested, hence it can be used for supplementary feeding programmes to combat vitamin A deficiency in target population.     

混凝土桥桥面系构造缺陷与防水系统

本文论述了桥面水对混凝土桥梁的危害,论证了设置桥面防水系统的重要性,进而论述了桥面系构造必须注意的要点,并介绍部分桥梁防水实用技术及施工方法。     

国兰3个品种对水雾栽培的适应性初探

雾培技术是目前设施栽培技术中相对复杂和先进的全新栽培模式。通过对国兰中的春兰、建兰和蕙兰3个典型品种进行水雾培养,观察和分析兰花生长、开花情况,判断3种兰花对水雾栽培技术的适应性。结果发现,蕙兰、建兰较适应雾培技术,适宜推广;春兰对雾培的适应性相对较差。     

Immunochemical cross-reactivity ofβ-naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450IA) in liver microsomes from different fish species and rat

Antibodies prepared against the major -naphthoflavone (BNF)-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450) forms from three species of fish (rainbow trout, Atlantic cod, and scup) well separated in teleost phylogeny, were used to investigate the immunochemical relatedness of liver microsomal P450 in different species of BNF-treated fish and rat. Rabbit polyclonal IgG against all three P450s and mouse monoclonal antibodies prepared against scup P450E were employed in this study. Liver microsomes were prepared from BNF-treated specimens of hagfish, herring, rainbow trout, cod, scup, perch, plaice and rat. With Western blotting it was shown that the various antibodies cross-reacted with a protein band in liver microsomes in the P450-region of each of the BNF-treated fish species. The apparent molecular weight of the cross-reacting proteins showed differences within the range 54,000–59,000 daltons. The effects of the different antibodies on the microsomal BNF-inducible 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity gave inhibition patterns that reflected to a certain extent the phylogenetic relationship of the species investigated. In rat microsomes a protein band of relative molecular mass similar to rat P450c (Mr=54,000) was recognized by all antibodies. In addition, a second band of lower molecular mass was strongly recognized by anti-cod P450c antibodies, and faintly stained with anti-rainbow trout P450LM4b IgG and anti-scup P450E MAb 1-12-3. This band could correspond to rat P450d, the isosafrole-inducible rat isoenzyme. Considering the long separate evolutionary history of some of these fishes (50–200 million years), the results demonstrate that certain antigenic epitopes in the BNF-inducible P450 isoenzymes have been strongly conserved during the evolution of fish species. These conserved epitopes seem however not to be directly involved in the measured EROD activities. Furthermore, the results suggest that the BNF-inducible P450s in fish contain regions with structural similarity to the homologous counterpart that has evolved through gene duplication into a P450 family in mammals containing at least two gene products (the P450IA gene family).     

Current and Future Outlook of Dredged and Sewage Sludge Materials in Agriculture and Environment (3 pp)

-  In the late 1960’s there was an increasing realization in the U.S.A. and other parts of the world, especially in Europe of the potential problems associated with the disposal of spoil and sewage sludge materials. While insufficient information was available to determine potential adverse effects of disposal on land, many people including those in the scientific community had articulated their objections on the use of these materials in agriculture because data do not provide adequate environmental protection information. In many cases, site-specific geochemical and biological factors are typically excluded from the decision process (Wenning and Woltering 2001). Because of continued studies and far-reaching research during the last 40 years on the environmental effects of dredged and sludge materials, the scientific community and regulatory agencies in the U.S.A. are now in a much better position to appraise the environmental and possible agricultural impacts connected with the disposal of dredged and sludge materials by diverse disposal methods.