废弃物处理的现状及案例研究

指出了对工业废弃物的妥善处理不仅可以使之作为能源和资源得到有效利用,还能起到温室气体减排的效果。分析了我国在废弃物处理领域的应用现状及存在的问题,并提出了相应的措施和建议。     

秸秆对厨余垃圾堆肥臭气和渗滤液减排的影响

厨余垃圾单独堆肥会产生大量渗滤液及臭气物质,严重影响环境质量。该试验以玉米秸秆作为添加材料,按质量比（湿基）为1∶3添加到厨余垃圾中进行堆肥试验,并以厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照,对比分析了2个堆肥处理的腐熟度变化、主要臭气物质及渗滤液的排放规律。研究结果表明：从温度、pH值、电导率（EC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,添加秸秆的堆肥处理其腐熟度明显优于厨余垃圾单独堆肥处理,且添加秸秆后,可有效稀释厨余垃圾堆肥产品的盐分含量;2个堆肥处理的臭气物质浓度分析表明：添加秸秆的厨余堆肥处理NH3的平均排放浓度比厨余垃圾单独堆肥提高了3.3%,而甲硫醚、硫化氢和甲硫醇的平均排放浓度分别降低了62.3%,67.9%和49.6%;厨余垃圾单独堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生量占堆肥原料质量的32.6%（湿基）,添加秸秆的处理在堆肥过程中不产生渗滤液。因此,玉米秸秆在提高厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度、控制渗滤液和臭气物质排放方面具有显著的促进作用。     

城市生活垃圾无害化处理应注意的几个问题

城市生活垃圾无害化处理过程中,应当加强垃圾的清运和管理,及时清洗垃圾清运车;选择垃圾填埋场场址应考虑岩石、土质和水文地质条件,以及构造地质与水文地质条件;垃圾填埋场建设应重视衬层铺设和覆盖层的操作与管理工作。     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾渗滤液的效果

矿化垃圾细料中含有经渗滤液长期驯化获得的优势微生物,是很好的渗滤液处理生物介质。在北京阿苏卫垃圾填埋场室外进行了矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液的研究,结果表明：二级矿化垃圾生物反应床对垃圾渗滤液具有良好且稳定的处理效果,并对渗滤液中污染物浓度的变化具有较好的适应能力。在水力负荷为40 L/(m3·d),布水时间为2 h/d的条件下,COD和氨氮进水平均浓度分别为10992 mg/L和1977 mg/L,经过二级矿化垃圾生物反应床处理以后,出水平均浓度达到1001 mg/L和23.2 mg/L左右,去除率分别为90.9%和98.9%。     

Fractionation of woody biomass with boiling aqueous acetic acid containing a small amount of mineral acid at atmospheric pressure: Reactivity of arylglycerol-β-aryl ethers in lignins with aqueous acetic acid containing H2SO4

To characterize the mechanism of the reaction of lignin with aqueous acetic acid (AW) containing a small amount of H₂SO₄, guaiacylglycerol--guaiacyl ether (GOG), and guaiacylglycerol--syringol ether (GOS) were refluxed in 90% AW with 0.28% H₂SO₄ for 0–120 min. Reaction products and their silylated derivatives were characterized by analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. When the model compounds were allowed to react at boiling temperature for 0 min (heat-up time 30 min), most of their primary alcohol groups and some of their secondary alcohol groups were acetylated, but their phenolic groups were not. About 90% of GOG was degraded, polymerized, or both during boiling for at least 15 min, yielding guaiacol and isocoumaran compounds (GOG-e and GOG-f) in addition to homovanillin (II) as guaiacylvinyl alcohol (I) and other minor products. GOS yielded syringol, homovanillin (II), and a novel compound (V) together with unknown products but not the corresponding isocoumaran compounds.     

病死动物腐败过程中优势菌种的筛选与分离鉴定

本研究旨在筛选出病死动物无害化处理罐中参与动物尸体腐败的优势菌种,为研发加速动物尸体腐败的微生物制剂提供理论依据。收集病死动物无害化处理罐中动物尸体腐败液,按照10倍递增稀释方法,在参与动物尸体腐败的微生物菌群中成功筛选出一株优势菌种,采用传统分离鉴定方法和分子生物学鉴定方法对优势菌种进行鉴定。结果表明,优势腐败菌种为芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌,其16S rRNA基因序列与Bacillus subtilis strain 22（FJ435215.1）的同源性为99.53%。     

Effect of low‐temperature biochar derived from pig manure and poultry litter on mobile and organic matter‐bound forms of Cu,Cd, Pb and Zn in sandy soil

Numerous studies conducted so far have shown that biochar has a significant effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. Biochar can be used to alleviate the effects of soil contamination with organic and inorganic compounds, for instance, to reduce the mobility of heavy metals. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pig manure and poultry litter, as well as biochars produced from these materials at a temperature of 300 °C on Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn contents in mobile and organic matter‐bound forms in soil. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions. The materials were introduced into sandy acid soil in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% w/w. The application of pig manure‐derived biochar (BPM) and poultry litter‐derived biochar (BPL), depending on the amount added, reduced the mobility of copper from 28 to 69%, from 77 to 100% in the case of cadmium, from 94 to 99% in the case of lead, and from 15 to 97% in the case of zinc. The 2% amendment of pig manure (PM) and poultry litter (PL) caused an increase in the content of Cu extracted with NH₄NO₃ in comparison with the control treatment. A similar situation was observed in the case of zinc after the application of 0.5 and 1% amendments of pig manure (PM). Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn contents extracted with 0.025 mol C₁₀H₂₂N₄O₈ were higher than contents of these elements extracted with 1 m NH₄NO₃, mainly due to different extraction force of the extractants. The obtained results indicate that, compared with the content determined in soil from the control treatment, 1 and 2% amendments of both unconverted and thermally converted materials to the soil had a greater effect on contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in the organic matter‐bound fraction than the 0.5% amendment. The organic materials applied did not affect the content of cadmium in organic matter‐bound fraction.     

人工湿地技术处理金华市孝顺镇污水研究

[目的]研究一种适合我国国情的低耗、高效、绿色的人工湿地生态修复技术,以更好地处理中小城镇污水,拓展人工湿地的绿色生态功能。[方法]采用模拟人工湿地系统,取浙江省金华市孝顺镇生活污水,在每轮湿地系统中水力停留7 d,考察进水水质及出水水质中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和化学需氧量(COD)的变化情况,进行湿地基质和植物的筛选。同时,对这几种基质和植物进行搭配组合,筛选出适合处理金华市孝顺镇污水的最佳组合,并进行景观设计研究。[结果]融合景观设计后的湿地系统TP去除率为71.23%,TN去除率为78.08%,COD去除率为71.70%,处理效果较好。[结论]结果表明,从上到下依次为碎石、石灰石、煤渣的基质搭配组合加上美人蕉+茭白的植物搭配组合,进行景观设计后,去污能力最优。     

扇贝加工废弃物自溶技术的研究

对扇贝加工废弃物的自溶水解技术进行了研究。结果表明:用紫外线照射扇贝加工废弃物后能够激活自溶酶,当照射40 m in时,自溶水解液中游离氨基酸态氮含量最高(3.389 g/L);pH对自溶水解影响较大,pH为7.0时水解效果最佳;采用40-65℃(5℃/h)的梯度升温自溶水解4 h或60℃恒温下自溶水解3 h,其水解效果最佳;无机离子Na 、Ca2 对自溶酶具有激活作用,当Na 的浓度为0.07 mol/L、Ca2 的浓度为0.03 mol/L时,自溶水解效果最佳,而Zn2 对自溶酶的影响很小;扇贝加工废弃物在最佳条件下自溶水解3 h后(60℃恒温),其水解液中氨基酸态氮的含量为4.006 g/L。用SephadexG-15葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法对扇贝加工废弃物的自溶水解产物进行分析,结果显示,水解液中蛋白肽相对分子质量集中分布在784.25左右,说明自溶水解产物多为小分子的蛋白肽,可进一步对其开发利用,制备海鲜调味料等。     

热处理对土壤中多环芳烃的影响

[目的]为了对多环芳烃在土壤中的行为进行研究。[方法]利用一种温度辅助解吸-气流式液相微萃取装置结合溶剂超声萃取,研究了热处理(温度为50~300℃)对土壤中多环芳烃(苊、菲、芘、苯并[a]芘)存留的影响。[结果]在该温度范围内进行热处理时只有极少部分的多环芳烃从土壤中释放出来,大部分被保留于土壤中;200℃以上的处理温度明显降低了土壤中多环芳烃的溶剂可提取性,对多环芳烃起锁定作用。[结论]该研究可以为受多环芳烃污染的土壤修复和生物有效性提供指导。