超低温冷冻保存卤虫胚胎的损伤机理↑（*）

通过扫描电镜观察超低温冷冻保存的卤虫胚胎膜结构，查明造成卤虫胚胎损伤的主要机理是：（１）玻璃化液使胚胎膜受到损伤，改变了膜的通透性，玻璃化液进入胚胎内部造成胚胎死亡；（２）在超低温冷冻保存过程中，冷冻物理损伤造成胚胎膜的破裂，导致胚胎死亡。     

Cryopreservation of axillary shoot tips of in vitro-grown grape (Vitis) by a two-step vitrification protocol

Axillary shoot tips of in vitro grape(Vitis vinifera L. cv. CabernetSauvignon) were successfully cryopreservedby vitrification. Axillary shoot tipswere excised from 4- and 5-month oldplantlets were cultured onsolidified 1/2 MS medium with 1 mg l^-1BA at 25 ^°C. Shoot tips wereprecultured on solidified mediumsupplemented with 0.3 M sucrose for 3 daysand then treated with a mixture of 2 Mglycerol plus 0.4 M sucrose (LS solution)for 20 min at 25 ^°C. They were thendehydrated with PVS2 for 80 min at0 ^°C before being plunged into LN for1 hr. Samples were then warmed rapidly inwater at 40 ^°C. The recovery of theshoot tips amounted to approximately 60%.To enhance further recovery, a two-stepdehydration procedure by vitrification wasexamined. Osmo-protected shoot tips werefirst dehydrated with a 50% PVS2 (halfstrength of the solution) for 30 min,followed by PVS2 for 50 min at 0 ^°C.This revised dehydration procedure improvedshoot recovery from 60 to 80%. Thisprocedure by vitrification was applied toten other species/cultivars of Vitiswith an average recovery of 64%. Thismethod incorporates a simple and reliableapproach for providing high levels ofgrowth recovery. It also appears promisingfor the cryopreservation of Vitisgermplasm.     

玻璃化法超低温保存石楠茎尖的初步研究

石楠(Photinia serrulata)属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae)石楠属常绿阔叶灌木至小乔木.同属植物我国产40余种,其花果叶均可观赏,属园林中观赏季节特长的一类花木.石楠原产我国中部及南部,抗寒性较强,在暖温带地区有一定的应用前景,已有少数成苗在北京引种,能够正常开花结实(郑淮兵等,2005).     

Comparative Study on Antioxidative System in Normal and Vitrified Shoots of Populus suaveolens in Tissue Culture

To explore the physiological and biochemical mechanism of the occurrence of vitrified shoots of Populus suaveolens in tissue culture, the changes in water, chlorphyll, lignin, H202, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), malonaldehyde (MDA), protective enzymatic systems, and some key enzymes involved in the ascorbate- glutathione cycle were comparatively studied in both normal and vitrified shoots of P suaveolens. The results show that the lower activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and PAL, and the less contents of chlorphyll, lignin, ascorbate (ASA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as the lower ratios of ASA / DHA and GSH / GSSG are observed in vitrified shoots than in normal ones during the whole culture period, While in comparison with normal shoots, the higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the more concentrations of water, H2O2, MDA, dehydroascorbate (DHA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) are found in vitrified shoots. Statistical analysis indicates that the enhanced activity of SOD and the decreased activities of CAT and POD as well as some enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle might be closely correlated to the accumulation of H202. The less regeneration of ASA and GSH and the lower capacity of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle observed in vitrified shoots might be due to a significant decrease in APX, MDAR, DHAR and GR activities and a decline in redox status of ASA and GSH. The decreases in chlorphyll content might result in a decline in photosynthesis. The lower activities of POD and PAL could result in the decrease of lignin synthesis and cell wall ligination, which might be the key factor leading to the increase in water content. It is concluded that the deficiency of detoxification capacity caused by the lower capacity of the ascorbate-glutathione pathway and the decreased activity of protective enzymatic system might lead to the large accumulation of H2O2 and the enhancement of membrane lipid peroxidation, which might be the main cause leading to the occurrence of vitrifying shoots of P.suaveolens in tissue culture.     

相思树种组织培养中的难点及应对办法

在相思树种的组织培养中,经常出现污染严重、玻璃化苗、外植体褐变等现象。本文结合了近年来对相思树种的一些研究,对这三个现象产生的原因与相应的防治方法进行了综述,期望为以后相思树种组织培养工作的进展提供一定的理论依据与实践指导。     

几种冷冻条件对牛体外受精卵发育率的影响

试验比较了乙二醇 (EG)、丙二醇 (PG)、二甲基亚砜 (DMSO)、甘油 (G)和不同的投液氮温度 (- 33℃或 - 4 0℃ )对牛体外受精卵冷冻后发育率的影响。结果 :投液氮温度无论是 - 33℃或 - 4 0℃ ,均以 1.5 mol/ L EG的冷冻效果为最好 ,与 1.5 mol/ L PG相比 ,受精卵的发育率差异显著 (39.7% vs19.2 % ;4 7.8% vs2 4 .7% ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;同 1.5mol/ L DMSO和 1.5 mol/ L G相比 ,受精卵的发育率差异极显著 (39.7% vs 16 .1% or 13.3% ;4 7.8% vs 19.2 % or17.3% ,P <0 .0 1)。 - 4 0℃投液氮 ,受精卵冷冻后的发育率略高于 - 33℃ ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。以 2 5 % EG 2 5 % PG作为细胞外玻璃化溶液对牛体外受精卵进行冷冻 ,冷冻后受精卵的发育率达 5 8.9% ,高于用 1.5 mol/ L EG冷冻在 - 4 0℃投液氮这一处理 (47.8% ) ,但无统计学上差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。然而 ,试验组冷冻后受精卵的发育率均极显著低于对照组 (80 .6 8% ,P <0 .0 1)。结果表明 ,投液氮温度以 - 4 0℃为较好 ,防冻剂以 EG的冷冻效果为最佳。玻璃化冷冻法完全可以应用于冷冻牛体外受精卵     

不同冷冻方法对水牛体外生产胚胎冷冻效果的研究

本研究采用不同来源的体外生产胚胎(屠宰场卵巢IVF胚胎,OPU-IVF胚胎,SCNT胚胎),系统研究了不同冷冻方法对水牛体外生产胚胎冷冻效果的影响,以完善水牛体外生产胚胎冷冻方法,进一步提高胚胎冷冻效果。试验选用6～7日龄囊胚分别用不同的冷冻液和不同冷冻方法进行胚胎冷冻。玻璃化冷冻液分别为40%EG、25%EG+25%DMSO和20%EG+20%DMSO+0.5 mol/L蔗糖;程序化冷冻液分别为10%甘油和0.05 mol/L海藻糖+1.8 mol/L EG+0.4%BSA。结果表明:(1)在玻璃化冷冻中,无论何种胚胎不同冷冻液的冷冻效果有明显的差异,但均以20%EG+20%DMSO+0.5 mol/L蔗糖作为冷冻液的冷冻效果最好,并且高于程序化冷冻的存活率;而对于程序化冷冻,用10%甘油作为冷冻液,屠宰场卵巢IVF胚胎的冷冻后存活率略高于用0.05 mol/L海藻糖+1.8 mol/L EG+0.4%BSA的冷冻后存活率,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)VF胚胎利用程序化冷冻胚胎解冻后,在0～24 h内有76.5%胚胎复活,高于玻璃化冷冻的复苏率(48.9%)(P<0.05);而与此相反,在24～48 h内,玻璃化冷冻胚胎的复苏率(42.6%)则高于程序化冷冻(23.5%)(P<0.05)。综上所述,各种来源的水牛体外生产胚胎均可进行冷冻保存,应用玻璃化冷冻的效果好于程序化冷冻,且以20%EG+20%DMSO+0.5 mol/L蔗糖作为冷冻液进行玻璃化冷冻效果最好,但程序化冷冻后的胚胎复苏速度明显快于玻璃化冷冻的速度。     

水牛卵母细胞冷冻保存初步研究

①用EFS30、EFS40、EDFS30、EDFS40四种玻璃化冷冻液对MⅡ期水牛卵母细胞进行毒性试验,结果表明:试验组卵母细胞形态正常率与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05);对卵母细胞孤雌激活后EDFS30、EDFS40组的卵裂率与对照组(75.28%)及EFS30、EFS40组差异显著(P<0.05);利用4种冷冻保护剂采用OPS法冷冻保存MⅡ期水牛卵母细胞,其中以EDFS40作为冷冻液时,卵母细胞冷冻解冻后孤雌激活卵裂率最高,达31.60%;以EDFS40作为冷冻液,比较了GMP法和OPS法的冷冻效果,结果表明GMP法冷冻效果好于OPS法。②采用不同预处理时间和平衡时间使用细管法常规冷冻G V期卵母细胞,结果表明预处理5 min、平衡15min组的形态正常率和极体排出率相对较高,分别为72.73%、27.27%。     

中华蜜蜂卵冷冻贮存技术

以中华蜜蜂（Ａｐｉｓｃｅｒａｎａｃｅｒａｎａ）为材料，用玻璃化法进行了反复多次的卵冷冻试验．结果表明：卵冷冻的最适剂型为颗粒冷冻，最适的冷冻保护剂为体积分数为０．２５甘油＋０．２５乙二醇＋１．０ｍｏｌＬ－１蔗糖，预冻的时间为２ｍｉｎ，离液面的高度为２ｃｍ，脱除冷冻保护剂用的稀释液以６．５ｇＬ－１的生理盐水为最好．现已初步获得成功：冷冻后的中华蜜蜂卵能正常孵化为幼虫，但其孵化率较低（２５．０％～３７．５％），育王时尚不能被工蜂所接受．对此，今后仍需进一步试验．