牛体细胞核移植胚胎的批量化生产

利用2枚显微去核后的半卵与1枚供体细胞同步融合,并结合微穴法(WOWs)培养体系批量化生产成年牛克隆胚胎(日产40～80枚).结果,重构胚电融合率95.7%(3059/3197)、卵裂率87.1%(2637/3027)、囊胚率41.1%(1244/3027)和可冻胚率(72.5%,933/1244)均达到较高水平.克隆胚胎采用玻璃微管玻璃化冷冻保存数月后移植,30日龄时妊娠率为28.1%(48/171),已经产下5头足月克隆牛续.结果表明,该方法具有产业开发潜力.     

Effect of different penetrating and non‐penetrating cryoprotectants and media temperature on the cryosurvival of vitrified in vitro produced porcine blastocysts

The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient vitrification protocol for the cryopreservation of day 7 in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in control (17% dimethyl sulfoxide + 17% ethylene glycol [EG] + 0.4 mol/L sucrose) and commercial media did not differ, nor did the post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in medium containing 1,2‐propandiol in place of EG. However, vitrifying embryos in EG alone decreased the cryosurvival rate (55.6% and 33.6%, respectively, p < .05). Furthermore, the post‐warm survival rates of blastocysts vitrified with either trehalose or sucrose as the non‐penetrating cryoprotectant did not differ. There was also no significant difference in post‐warm survival of blastocysts vitrified in control (38°C) media and room temperature (22°C) media with extended equilibration times, although when blastocysts were vitrified using control media at room temperature, the post‐warm survival rate increased (56.8%, 57.3%, 72.5%, respectively, p < .05). The findings show that most cryoprotectant combinations examined proved equally effective at supporting the post‐warm survival of IVP porcine blastocysts. The improved post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified using media held at room temperature suggests that the cryoprotectant toxicity exerted in 22°C media was reduced.     

Utilization of porcine in vitro‐produced parthenogenetic embryos for co‐transfer with vitrified and warmed embryos

The present study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using in vitro‐produced parthenogenetic (PA) embryos for co‐transfer with morulae that had been collected in vivo and cryopreserved. The proportion of PA blastocysts (20.5%) was higher than that of their in vitro fertilization (IVF) counterparts (16.6%). Although there were no differences in morphology or diameter between the two groups, the number of cells in early PA blastocysts after in vitro culture for 6 days was lower than for IVF blastocysts (25.7 and 30.4 cells, respectively), and the number in recovered PA blastocysts was also smaller than that in recovered IVF blastocysts (37.4 and 50.2 cells, respectively). When 10 morulae warmed after vitrification were co‐transferred with 10 PA blastocysts (total 20 embryos) to the uterus of five recipients, the rates of pregnancy and farrowing did not differ, but the average period until spontaneous abortion tended to be longer relative to the control (when 20 morulae were transferred). These data suggest that in vitro‐produced PA embryos offer the possibility of assisted pregnancy for cryopreserved embryos; further experiments will be needed to confirm the beneficial effect of this approach on piglet production.     

哺乳动物胚胎玻璃化冷冻研究进展

近40年来,利用冷冻保存技术将哺乳动物胚胎长期保存起来,建立"胚胎库"是保护物种资源和拯救濒危动物的有效手段,同时也是加快家畜品种改良、建立动物基因库和实施胚胎移植产业化的重要组成部分,也可以为克隆、转基因等现代生物技术提供丰富的试验材料,使胚胎的供给不受时间和空间的限制。胚胎冷冻保存技术在人类辅助生殖方面也具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要介绍了玻璃化冷冻过程中胚胎冷冻主体承载工具特点和应用,并展望未来哺乳动物胚胎冷冻发展的方向。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存的研究进展

综述了近年来关于哺乳动物卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存的研究进展,并对这项技术的发展前景进行展望.重点讨论了影响哺乳动物卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存的几种因素,包括冷冻保护剂的种类和浓度、冷冻方法和卵母细胞所处的发育阶段等,以及冷冻过程中细胞膜、微丝、微管、皮质颗粒、纺锤体和线粒体等出现的损伤.目前,玻璃化冷冻法存在的最主要问题是冷冻过程中造成超微结构不可逆转的损伤影响胚胎发育,亟待解决.     

小鼠卵母细胞和胚胎不同冷冻方法的比较研究

探讨程序化冷冻与玻璃化冷冻对小鼠GV期卵母细胞及二细胞期胚胎的复苏率及其发育潜能的影响。通过小鼠的卵母细胞与早期胚胎的不同冷冻方法的比较,为后续阿旺绵羊的胚胎冷冻保存提供参考。采用程序化冷冻与玻璃化冷冻技术,分别冷冻小鼠GV期卵母细胞及二细胞期胚胎,复苏后培养,比较不同冷冻处理后的复苏率、成熟率与囊胚率。小鼠GV期卵母细胞程序化冷冻复苏率(48.00%±5.29%)显著低于玻璃化冷冻复苏率(65.00%±5.00%),有统计学差异(P=0.0147<0.05);而程序化冷冻后复苏卵母细胞的发育成熟率略高于玻璃化冷冻组,但无统计学意义。小鼠二细胞期胚胎程序化冷冻组复苏率(76.00%±2.00%)显著高于玻璃化冷冻组复苏率(70.00%±2.00%),有统计学差异(P=0.0213<0.05);冷冻后复苏胚胎发育的囊胚率程序化冷冻略低于玻璃化冷冻及对照组,但无统计学意义。     

玻璃化法超低温保存荔枝胚性愈伤组织及其植株再生

采用玻璃化法对荔枝胚性愈伤组织超低温保存及植株再生进行了初步探讨.将继代保存15 d的荔枝胚性愈伤组织转接到预培养基[MS+50 mL.L-1二甲基亚砜(DMSO)+1 mg.L-12,4-D+20 g.L-1蔗糖+6 g.L-1琼脂糖]中,在5℃低温下预培养.将预培养后的愈伤组织于常温下用体积分数为60%玻璃化溶液(2PVS2)装载20 min,再于0℃下用PVS2溶液平衡40 min;换新鲜的PVS2溶液,迅速投入液氮中保存.1周后取出,于40℃温水浴中化冻,弃PVS2,用1.2 mol.L-1蔗糖液+MS基本培养基的洗涤液洗涤3次,再接种到新鲜的培养基中恢复培养,恢复培养后的胚性愈伤组织能正常进行体细胞胚胎发生、成熟和植株再生.     

人胚胎干细胞不同冷冻保存方法的比较

【目的】比较人胚胎干细胞不同冷冻保存方法的复苏率,建立高效的冷冻保存方法。【方法】利用慢速冷冻、开放式和密闭式玻璃化冷冻3种方法保存人胚胎干细胞克隆,比较这3种方法的复苏效率,并通过免疫组化染色检测复苏后细胞的OCT-4表达。【结果】开放式快速冷冻方法的克隆复苏率为(97.5±5.0)%,密闭式快速冷冻方法的克隆复苏率为(96.7±5.8)%,均极显著高于慢速冻存方法(25.7±4.1)%。解冻后的胚胎干细胞克隆仍然保持胚胎干细胞的特性。【结论】开放式和密闭式玻璃化冻存方法能够高效保存人胚胎干细胞。     

小鼠孵化囊胚细管法和OPS法玻璃化冷冻保存技术的研究

利用小鼠孵化囊胚为模型 ,为猪孵化囊胚的冷冻保存摸索适宜的方法和条件 :在 2 5和 37℃条件下 ,用不同含量的玻璃化溶液 (EFS和EDFS) ,对小鼠孵化囊胚实施细管法和OPS法冷冻保存。在 2 5℃条件下 ,细管一步法冷冻保存后的囊胚恢复率仅为 32 5 %～ 74 4 % ,与对照组 (10 0 % )差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;而细管二步法冷冻组用方法C解冻后 ,孵化囊胚恢复率达 87 0 % ,为细管法最佳组 ,但仍与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。在 37℃条件下 ,改用OPS法冷冻后 ,以方法A脱出抗冻保护剂 ,孵化囊胚恢复率最高值为 87 2 % (P <0 0 5 )。当采用EDFS30和EDFS4 0对孵化囊胚冷冻保存后 ,以方法C脱出抗冻保护剂 ,恢复率分别高达 97 8%和 93 3% (P >0 0 5 )。利用细管法和OPS法 2种最佳冷冻 -解冻组获得的 133和 15 4枚胚胎 ,分别移植给 12和 10只假妊娠 3～4d的受体母鼠。使 2种冷冻方法均有 6只妊娠 ,各产仔 2 2和 36只 ,产仔率分别为 35 5 %和 39 1% ,与对照组(39 8% )差异均不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。证明 2种方法对胚胎冷冻后均起到了保护作用。     

玻璃化冷冻对猪卵母细胞超微结构的影响

猪体外成熟培养的卵母细胞用平皿-微滴法玻璃化冷冻,冷冻解冻后对其超微结构损伤和正常的体外成熟培养的卵母细胞进行了电镜观察比较。结果表明,玻璃化冷冻的卵母细胞解冻后有不同程度的结构损伤,包括:透明带破裂;微绒毛几乎消失;有的部位质膜模糊甚至破裂;质膜下皮质颗粒减少;线粒体膨胀,电子致密度下降,嵴消失;大量囊泡在质膜周围变形融合;细胞基质出现空白区。玻璃化冷冻引起卵母细胞结构损伤是导致卵母细胞解冻后存活力下降和受精率降低的主要原因。