葡萄新品种早黑宝的倍性结构鉴定

早黑宝是用杂交和诱变相结合的方法培育的早熟鲜食葡萄新品种。为搞清该种质的倍性结构,以便育种利用,根据组织发生层学说,以京亚(4x)、早黑宝、早玫瑰(2x)、瑰宝(2x)4个品种为试材,通过测定气孔保卫细胞大小和叶绿体数目;观测比较花粉粒形态、大小、活力以及坐果率;观察根尖染色体数目等试验分别推断LⅠ层、LⅡ层、LⅢ层细胞的倍性,同时运用梢端切片法对4个品种的3层分生细胞进行观察和大小测定比较,结果表明早黑宝的倍性结构为4-4-4型,为同质四倍体。     

华东葡萄抗逆相关基因VpSBP16原核表达及功能初步分析

SBP-box基因在植物响应逆境胁迫中起着非常重要的作用,通过制备华东葡萄(V.pseudoreticulata)转录因子VpSBP16基因抗血清,为深入探究葡萄抗逆相关基因VpSBP16的功能试验提供基础。将已构建的pGEX-VpSBP16原核表达载体转入大肠杆菌中,利用IPTG诱导表达的蛋白作为抗原注射新西兰兔,从而获得VpSBP16基因抗血清,利用Western blot检测手段,以所获得的VpSBP16基因抗血清作为一抗检测毛葡萄‘商-24’叶、茎、花序、卷须和果实不同发育时期的VpSBP16蛋白表达情况。结果表明,原核表达载体pGEX-VpSBP16在大肠杆菌菌株DE3中高效表达,Western blot检测出与预期结果一致的分子量约为87kD的GST-VpSBP16融合蛋白。在新西兰兔的背部及腹股沟注射纯化后的目的融合蛋白获得了免疫-抗原反应良的多克隆抗血清。提取葡萄总蛋白后检测到VpSBP16蛋白表达量在花序中含量最低,而在果实发育的绿果期表达量较高。大肠杆菌表达系统中,pGEX-VpSBP16融合蛋白可以在27℃、0.6 mmol/L IPTG诱导条件下获得高表达。因此...     

覆盖处理对媚丽葡萄果实品质及土壤理化指标的影响

【目的】研究不同覆盖处理对媚丽葡萄果实品质与土壤理化性质的影响,为改善陕西关中地区葡萄品质,改进葡萄园栽培管理措施提供理论依据。【方法】于2019年3月,以酿酒葡萄媚丽（Vitis vinifera cv. Meili）为试材,采用塑料地膜（PF）、可降解液态地膜（LF）、碎枝条（GB）对葡萄进行行内覆盖处理,以清耕为对照（CK）,在成熟期采集果实和行内表层（0～20 cm）土壤,测定不同处理的果粒横纵径、百粒质量和可溶性固形物、还原糖、可滴定酸、酚类物质（总酚、总花色苷、总黄烷-3-醇、总类黄酮、总单宁）含量与成熟系数（M,还原糖含量与可滴定酸含量的比值）及表层土壤的理化性质,对各处理葡萄果实品质和土壤理化性质进行主成分分析与聚类分析。【结果】PF、LF、GB处理与CK的果粒横纵径、百粒质量和可溶性固形物、还原糖、可滴定酸含量存在明显差异。与CK相比,各覆盖处理（PF、LF、GB）不仅能够提高果实的成熟系数以及葡萄皮中的总花色苷和总类黄酮含量与葡萄籽中总酚、总黄烷-3-醇和总类黄酮含量,显著降低葡萄籽中单宁含量,而且还可以显著提高土壤全氮、全磷含量及pH值,而对全钾、速效磷、全碳和有机质含量无显著影响,其中以GB处理效果总体最优。主成分分析（PCA）结果显示,特征值>1的2个主成分PC1(87.44%)和PC2(11.81%)的累积贡献率为99.25%,说明这2个主成分能充分反映原始数据的大部分信息,可以达到降维的目的;PF、LF、GB、CK处理可以明显区分开,表明4个处理之间均有显著差异。聚类分析结果显示,不同覆盖处理葡萄的品质指标和土壤理化性质指标可以分为5类,覆盖方式可分为4类,其中GB处理得分高于其他处理。【结论】地表覆盖处理可以有效改善陕西关中地区葡萄园土壤的理化性质,提高葡萄果实的品质,而枝条粉碎还田是最好的覆盖方式之一。     

Hydroxycinnamic acids as affected by different fertilization of Rebula grapevines

The phenolic composition of white grapes is important since browning reactions may dramatically compromise the overall quality of musts and wines. Only few scientific contributions are available, which investigated how fertilization can influence this class of compounds. Thus, the aim of this work was to examine the effects of NPK soil fertilization coupled with soil or foliar applications of Mg, Fe, and Zn on the concentrations of K, Mg, Fe, and Zn of grape berries and leaf petioles of potted Rebula grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), also revealing the change of hydroxycinnamic acids in grape juice. The results obtained over the three‐year study (2009–2011) showed that NPK fertilization positively affected K and Zn concentrations of petioles and grape berries, and negatively Mg. In addition, K (synergistic) and Mg (antagonistic) had an influence on Zn uptake. Our findings suggest that the supply of NPK was profitable for a reduction of trans‐caftaric acid in grape juice, while only few differences were observed with further application of nutrients.     

抗重茬微生态滴灌肥在玫瑰香葡萄上的应用效果

以5年生玫瑰香葡萄(Vitis vinifera cv.Muscat)为试验材料,研究了抗重茬微生态滴灌肥对葡萄叶片光合日变化特性、叶片养分和果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,微生态滴灌肥能提高葡萄叶片胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率,且有明显日变化;叶片全N、全P、全K含量比对照提高;叶绿素a、叶绿素b也比对照提高,延缓叶片衰老;还可以显著提高叶片糖分含量,促进有机物积累及运转;果实可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖、维生素C、色素含量提高,有机酸含量降低;果实横径、纵径分别提高了17.4%、14.1%;同时产量也提高23.1%。抗重茬微生态滴灌肥对葡萄叶片养分和果实品质及产量有显著影响,可促进葡萄的营养生长,提高产量且改善品质。     

Effects of selection on early stage genetic evaluation for berry weight in breeding table grapes

The effects of random and directional selection on estimates of heritability and estimated breeding values were investigated using data collected for grape berry weight during seasons 1999 and 2000 from the CSIRO table grape breeding population. In 1999, all berry‐bearing vines available (4834) were assessed, while in 2000 a randomly selected sample of 1344 vines was evaluated. In addition, a simulated directional selection was imposed such that the berry weights for half of the vines with lighter berries sampled in 2000 were discarded to produce a biased data set. The results showed that heritability of berry weight in 2000 was biased downward and estimated breeding values were over‐ or under‐estimated if analyses were based on directionally selected data sets alone. By incorporating data from 1999 into bivariate analyses, bias in heritability and EBV could be eliminated to a large extent. The implications for grapevine breeding are discussed.     

韩国主栽葡萄品种的耐寒性研究

为比较几个葡萄品种的耐寒性，对‘红地球’、‘红光无核’、‘巨峰’等8个葡萄品种处于休眠期和树液流动期的结果母枝进行了低温处理．结果表明，在休眠期‘红地球’、‘红光无核’、‘巨峰’、‘Muscat Bailey A（MBA）’的结果母枝的冻死温度分别为-20，-22，-24，-26℃，而‘Tamnara’、‘清水’、‘红丹’为-28℃，而‘康拜尔’在-30℃却未冻死；在树液流动期‘红地球’、‘红光无核’、‘MBA’及‘康拜尔’4个品种的结果母枝在-8℃条件下也未受冻害．另外，低温持续时间可加重休眠期结果母枝的冻害发生程度．