Cross-sectional study of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in horses. Part 2: Risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in horses

Reasons for performing study: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as antimicrobial‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli represents a significant problem for human and veterinary medicine. Despite this, the risk factors for faecal carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK, particularly those in the wider community, have not been well described. Objectives: To characterise the risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli amongst horses in the mainland UK. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with a faecal sample collected and self‐administered questionnaire completed by the horse owner. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli, with isolates confirmed as E. coli having their antimicrobial resistance profile determined. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli in the sample population. Results: Faecal samples and completed questionnaires were obtained for 627 horses located on 475 premises. Recent hospitalisation, contact with specific types of nonequid animals, the type of premises, the surrounding land use, the reason for veterinary treatment received in the last 6 months and antimicrobial treatment in the previous 10 days were identified as risk factors for many of the antimicrobial‐resistance outcomes considered. Being stabled on the same yard as a recently hospitalised horse was identified as a risk factor for increased risk of carriage of ESBL‐producing E. coli. Conclusions and potential relevance: Increasing antimicrobial resistance may have significant health implications for the horse population of Great Britain. This form of epidemiological investigation highlights potential risk factors that may be controlled to limit the extent of the problem.     

Effect of magnitude and direction of force on laryngeal abduction: Implications for the nerve‐muscle pedicle graft technique

Reasons for performing study: The nerve‐muscle pedicle graft technique is a treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), but the optimal placement of the pedicles within the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle is unknown. Hypothesis: The magnitude and direction of force placed on the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage affects the magnitude of laryngeal abduction. Methods: Five larynges were harvested from cadavers. Using increments of 0.98 N, a dead‐weight force generator applied a force of 0–14.7 N for 1 min each to the left muscular process at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70° angles. The rima glottis was photographed digitally 1 min after each force had been applied. Distances between biomarkers (Lines 1–4) and right to left angle quotient (RLQ) were used to assess the degree of left arytenoid abduction. Results: Increasing force from 0–14.7 N progressively and significantly increased the length of all lines and RLQ, indicating abduction. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between force and angles. Applying forces of 7.84 N or greater (Lines 2–4 and RLQ) or 11.76 N or greater (Line 1) at angles 0, 10, 20 and 30° resulted in significantly greater abduction than applying the same forces at 40, 50, 60 and 70°. Angles of 0–30° correspond with the direction of pull exerted by the lateral compartment of the CAD muscle. Conclusion: In RLN, nerve‐muscle pedicle grafts should be placed preferentially in the lateral rather than in the medial compartment of the CAD muscle. Potential relevance: The information presented can be used to assist surgeons in the planning and application of the nerve‐muscle pedicle graft procedure.     

优质乳是奶业发展的方向

发展方向决定兴衰存亡。我国奶业经历了30年的快速发展,取得了巨大成就,但是也正在面临发展新方向的抉择。这个新方向就是发展优质乳,需要明确提出"一杯优质牛奶振兴一个民族"的理念。我国有关奶业科研团队,经过近20年的艰苦探索和协同创新,已经形成了适合国情的"优质乳生产的奶牛营养调控与规范化饲养技术"成果并示范应用,示范结果表明,在奶牛生产中使蛋白质饲料利用效率提高8%~15%,乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别达到3.5%和3.1%,牛奶体细胞数低于40万个,细菌总数低于10万CFU/mL,完全达到国际上优质乳的营养品质和卫生安全水平。如何从国家政策的战略设计上进一步明确优质乳的发展方向,积极组织推广优质乳科技成果,大力发展和弘扬优质、健康、向上的奶业文化,应该引起重视。     

野生牧草金荞麦与贵州省推广牧草栽培效益比较试验初报

金荞麦Poyigonum cymosum是一种药饲兼用的贵州野生植物资源,通过金荞麦与贵州省目前主要推广牧草的田间试验比较,研究金荞麦和推广牧草资源的产量、品质和饲用的不同特点。试验初步认为:金荞麦是一种高产优质的牧草资源,其产量与菊苣Cichorium intybus相似,比一般推广牧草如苜蓿Medicagosativa等高出2~3倍。其粗蛋白含量与菊苣相似,接近苜蓿。金荞麦的适口性好,耐瘠抗劣性强,易繁殖成活,有较大的推广潜力。     

四川白鹅对花生藤营养物质表观消化率研究

我国花生种植面积世界第一,但花生藤却没有得到充分利用.因此本试验通过研究四川白鹅对花生藤营养物质的表观消化率,确定其在四川白鹅日粮中的合理添加量,为优化日粮配方和花生藤的合理利用提供理论依据和数据参考.试验随机选取18周龄、(3.5±0.25)kg四川白鹅公鹅12只,采用强饲法(全收粪法),每只试验鹅用强饲器强饲40 ...     

结缕草研究进展

综述了国内外关于结缕草的研究进展,并提出今后我国结缕草的研究方向应该以育种和结缕草的繁殖机制为主。     

南京市绿地规划发展方向初探--以南京市绿地系统规划（2013-2020）为例

对最新版本的《南京市绿地系统规划》(2013-2020)进行分析与研究，综合相关规划文件，对南京市近几年绿地规划、建设内容进行回顾与评价，总结南京市在绿地规划方面的可取与不足之处。对南京城市的历史沿革、山水格局、绿地现状、自身定位、发展趋势进行思考，结合国内政策、国外理念等因素统筹地对南京未来的绿地发展方向进行展望与研究，包括绿地宏观布局层面、中观联系层面、微观建设层面3方面。     

基于资源、成本和效率相统筹的交通项目临时用地利用评估研究

探索交通临时用地复垦及利用决策,可以有效衔接交通建设、粮食安全和乡村振兴三者之间的关系。以广西壮族自治区崇爱高速公路为例,综合利用多指标评价和空间分析等方法,构建基于资源、成本和效率相统筹的交通项目临时用地复垦及利用适宜性评价体系,进行临时用地利用适宜性指数测算及分级评价,从而确定交通项目临时用地的最佳利用方向和模式。结果表明：1)崇爱高速公路临时用地适宜复垦的评价单元共有11个,面积25.72 hm²;适宜恢复为原地类的评价单元共有16个,面积30.95 hm²,适宜探索其他利用方向的评价单元共有21个,面积53.54 hm²。2)本研究根据交通项目临时用地的特征差异,提出了保留建设、闲置再开发和公共设施补足等3种交通项目临时用地利用方向。实践证明以上研究符合土地整治、乡村振兴和产业用地需求实践。综上,本研究构建的交通项目临时用地复垦及利用适宜性评价体系具有综合性和实用性,可为提高用地节约集约利用效益、缓解乡村用地矛盾、助力地方乡村振兴发展提供借鉴和参考。     

黑龙江省农业资源配置现状及调整方向

资源配置从来都处于调整之中，稳定不变的资源配置是没有的。黑龙江省资源相对丰度较高，农业资源环境较好，但资源配置仍存在着不容忽视的问题。形势发展要求应立足于黑龙江省特有的自然、经济以及社会条件，调整农业资源配置方向。     

策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征

利用策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿输沙资料及风速风向资料,分析这一区域近地面输沙的方向分布特征。结果表明：① 风沙前沿起沙风风向以W、WNW为主,风向变化比较单一;② 观测点输沙量集中于NW、WNW、W、SW、WSW 5个方位,合计占总输沙量的68.3%;0～40 cm高度年输沙量为96.0 kg,年合成输沙量为45.9 kg,合成输沙方向为102.5°;③ 观测点年输沙势为43.2 VU,年合成输沙势为31.04 VU,输沙势的方向分布与实测输沙量存在较大差异。