Management of a stingray barb laceration and suspect envenomation in a dog

This case report describes the successful management of a stingray laceration and suspected envenomation using a combination of opioid analgesia, heat compression, antimicrobial therapy, surgical debridement and closure. Stingray envenomation in the dog is a rare clinical presentation and is yet to be documented in the Australian veterinary literature. Envenomation can be markedly painful and may cause swelling and local tissue necrosis. No consensus on treatment guidelines has been published. Diagnostics and treatments performed are outlined with recommendations on a management plan for future cases.     

电取蜂毒对意大利蜜蜂寿命的影响

３、６、９、１２、１５、１８、２１、２４、２７、３０日龄意蜂工蜂取毒后，其寿命均显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）缩短．３－３０日龄取毒的工蜂总体寿命缩短９．４７％，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．因此，利用意蜂生产蜂毒，应考虑工蜂寿命缩短问题．     

Glycosylation of Conotoxins

Conotoxins are small peptides present in the venom of cone snails. The snail uses this venom to paralyze and capture prey. The constituent conopeptides display a high level of chemical diversity and are of particular interest for scientists as tools employed in neurological studies and for drug development, because they target with exquisite specificity membrane receptors, transporters, and various ion channels in the nervous system. However, these peptides are known to contain a high frequency and variability of post-translational modifications—including sometimes O-glycosylation—which are of importance for biological activity. The potential application of specific conotoxins as neuropharmalogical agents and chemical probes requires a full characterization of the relevant peptides, including the structure of the carbohydrate part. In this review, the currently existing knowledge of O-glycosylation of conotoxins is described.