单株幼龄苹果树修剪仿真研究

修剪是果树生产中重要的技术手段,要想研究更加合理的修剪技术体系,就必须保证能够对修剪反应有准确、直观和及时的判断,而仿真模拟技术提供了这种可能。以幼龄苹果树为研究对象,采用不同修剪处理对比的方法,在田间试验的基础上,总结修剪反应规律,构建苹果树结构和修剪模型。在此基础上基于Qt框架和OpenGL图形库,开发了单株苹果树修剪仿真软件平台。结合优化算法,通过仿真平台模拟了给定生产目标的修剪方案优化,优化结果对虚拟学习和实际生产提供了可视化指导。     

Irrigation scheduling in a mature peach orchard using tensiometers and dendrometers

Three trickle irrigation schedules, two of which were scheduled according to soil water potential ( soil) (tensiometer method) and daily stem contraction (DSC) (dendrometer method) respectively and the other one was a schedule of restricted water supply, were applied to a mature peach orchard.The annual water application based on soil was greater than that based on DSC. However, tree growth, fruit size and leaf water potential (leaf) on the trees in the dendrometer scheduling plot did not differ from those in the tensiometer scheduling plot while the premature fruit drop and fruit bud initiation were greatly different. The restricted water supply treatment limited significantly both tree and fruit growth. In addition, the lower leaf was observed on the trees in this plot.Further study shows that use of the dendrometer method for scheduling irrigation satisfies the water needs of the plant and that the tensiometer method is less accurate.Abbreviations leaf leaf water potential - soil soil water potential - DSC daily stem contraction - LVDT linear variable displacement transducer - PET potential evapotranspiration     

Adopters,testers or pseudo-adopters? Dynamics of the use of improved tree fallows by farmers in western Kenya

Although there has been increasing research on the adoption of agroforestry technologies over the last decade, few such studies have assessed uptake over a long period and many are based on a single snapshot in time. Furthermore, most of these studies have mainly looked at non-adopters and adopters: only recently have social scientists considered testers. A further category of users neglected in adoption studies has been re-adopters of technologies. Studying this group provides an interesting and more nuanced understanding of adoption and re-adoption. Methodologically, most adoption studies use quantitative methods and fail to link their findings to wider socio-economic, political and institutional settings. This paper presents a study of the dynamics of improved tree fallow use by farmers in Siaya and Vihiga districts of western Kenya over a period of eight years. It uses both qualitative and quantitative data to critically discuss the motivations of adopters, testers/rejecters and re-adopters. The results show that the process of adoption is highly dynamic and variable with farmers planting improved fallows and discontinuing or re-adopting them due to a whole range of factors, of which soil fertility improvement is just one. These factors included incentives from projects, the tying of adoption to credit programmes, prestige, participation in seminars/tours and the availability of a seed market from projects promoting improved fallows. Farmers planting improved fallows for such reasons may be termed ‘pseudo-adopters’. There were significant differences in adoption between the two districts, with more farmers in Siaya planting improved fallows than in Vihiga. A majority of farmers in Vihiga (53%) who were given seed never planted improved fallows, even though they had been exposed to the technology. Some 40% of farmers in Siaya and 38% in Vihiga planted improved fallows but later rejected them. This has some important implications for research and development. For improved fallow technologies to be attractive to farmers, they must provide other tangible economic benefits besides soil fertility improvement. This presents a challenge to researchers who must better attune themselves to the needs and demands of farmers if they wish to see their research findings widely adopted.     

自压式树状管网的两级优化设计模型与神经优化设计

建立了自压式树状管网两级优化设计模型，并用人工神经网络法实现树状管网非线性规划模型的快速求解。采用的人工神经网络技术的两级优化设计模型在适用范围、求解速度和获得最优解能力上，均优于单一的非线性规划模型和线性规划模型，是实现树状管网全局优化设计的一条新途径。     

联合收割机液压系统故障树分析

故障树分析法(FTA)是一种将系统故障形成的原因由总体到部分按倒立树形状逐级细化的分析方法,是一种对系统设计、故障分析和排除非常有效的方法。为此,应用故障树分析方法对联合收割机液压系统进行了分析,根据液压系统结构以及组件与系统之间的逻辑关系,绘制了系统的故障树,并通过结构函数表示了各种因素对系统状态的影响。     

半固定沙地樟子松小叶锦鸡儿混交林营造及经营技术研究

在对嫩江沙地樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿人工混交林林分状况和生长指标调查的基础上,采用统计分析方法,探讨了混交林主辅林种间的生长消长关系,结果表明:随着林龄的增长,辅助树种小叶锦鸡儿对主栽树种樟子松的生长发育具有抑制作用,樟子松的生长发育进程减慢,应对小叶锦鸡儿林分进行人工干预,以促进樟子松的生长发育。     

相思树种更新木麻黄防护林对林地土壤化学性质的影响

通过对相思树种更新木麻黄防护林对沿海沙地土壤化学性质的分析,结果表明:与木麻黄林分相比,在沿海沙地后沿应用相思树种造林使沙地土壤中水溶性C l-和Na+含量降低,而使表层土壤中的水溶性Ca2+含量升高;相思树种能明显地改善沙地土壤中有效养分的供给,然而,对不同的相思树种来说,其改善程度有所差异;相思树种明显地增加了沿海沙地土壤中全氮和全碳的含量,且增加的量以沙地土壤的表层最为显著。     

不同类型林分青杨虎天牛发生状况研究

通过调查分析,得到青杨虎天牛在各种杨树及其它阔叶树种的纯林、混交林以及不同类型林分、、树干不同部位的发生状况,选择出相对抗青杨虎天牛及易受青杨虎天牛危害的杨树品种及其它阔叶树种,为利用生态方法控制青杨虎天牛的传播和蔓延提供了科学依据。     

台湾杉和秃杉两种珍稀树种种苗形态及引种栽培试验

通过对台湾杉和秃杉两种珍稀树种的引种栽培,就台湾杉和秃杉两种珍稀树种从种子(球果)到幼苗的整个发展过程,以及种子和苗木的生产技术做了细致的探索性研究,并就培育出的幼苗进行观察、记载和绘制成图;经定植3 a后评价引种成败。研究结果可为杉科台湾杉属的系统发育和亲缘关系方面的研究提供理论基础;也可为用材林造林、园林绿化树种提供参考和对这两种珍稀树种继续引种栽培提供实践依据。