热带亚热带地区8种旋花科植物的元素含量分析

摘要：对热带亚热带地区8种18个旋花科植物样的元素含量特征进行了分析,结果显示,平均含量＞1%的有N、K、Ca,0.2～0.5%的有S、Mg、P,0.01～0.05%的有Fe、Mn,＜0.01%的有Zn、B、Cu、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Mo、Cd,其含量顺序为N＞K＞Ca＞S＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞B＞Cu＞Hg＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Mo＞Cd;参考全国有机肥料品质四要素分级标准和全国有机肥料品质总分分级标准对参试样品的肥用价值进行评价,18个参试样品富含N、K,而P的含量居中下等水平,其中云南多花山猪菜达到一级标准;6个常量元素的变异系数在0.30～0.60之间,微量元素中除B、Cu的变异系数较低外（分别为0.40和0.48）,其余均在0.70以上,其中Pb、Mo、Cd的变异系数超过了1.00（分别为1.13、1.32、1.54）;N与P,Ca与S,Cr与Mo、Cd,Pb与Mo、Fe间呈显著的正相关,K与B,Pb与Cr、Mo间呈极显著的正相关, 而As与Cu,N与Mn,P与Cd、Mn间呈显著的负相关;72%的植物中B的含量极低,云南多花山猪菜和云南山猪菜中Cu的含量极低,广西百色市掌叶山猪菜的Mo含量极低（未检测出）,50%的植物中Mn的含量超标;用测试植物的元素含量与一般植物元素含量范围上限比值分析植物污染量时, 云南山猪菜、海南厚藤及虎脚牵牛的As含量,4个植物样的Cd含量,约61%的Cr含量,空心菜的Zn含量,云南掌叶山猪菜和广西五爪金龙的Pb含量比值大于1。     

中国温带玉米种质与热带、 亚热带种质杂优组合模式研究

本研究评价和分析了代表中国温带玉米主要杂优群的5个自交系、 3个改良群体与10个热带、 亚热带群体之间的配合力、 杂种优势和杂优组合模式。 结果表明, 大多数温热杂交组合产量高于温带改良群体本身产量, 一些组合产量接近单交种对照, 温热杂交种具有普遍的超亲优势。 苏湾1号、 墨黄9、 TS6、 963×330、 豫综5号×苏湾     

基于多元回归估算残留P

The remaining phosphorus （Prem）, P concentration that remains in solution after shaking soil with 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 containing 60μg mL-1 P, is a very useful index for studies related to the chemistry of variable charge soils. Although the Prem determination is a simple procedure, the possibility of estimating accurate values of this index from easily and/or routinely determined soil properties can be very useful for practical purposes. The present research evaluated the Prem estimation through multiple regression analysis in which routinely determined soil chemical data, soil clay content and soil pH measured in 1 mol L-1 NaF （pHNaF） figured as Prem predictor variables. The Prem can be estimated with acceptable accuracy using the above-mentioned approach, and pHNaF not only substitutes for clay content as a predictor variable but also confers more accuracy to the Prem estimates.     

N2O and CH4 emission from soil amended with steam‐activated biochar

Steam‐activation increased CH₄ emission of stover biochar but decreased it for wood biochar by 14%^–70%. Biochar generally increased CH₄ emission but reduced N₂O emission by 10%–41%. Emission of N₂O was 17% lower for maize‐stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar, and 3% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. Emission of CH₄ was 21% higher for activated stover biochar compared to Eucalyptus‐wood biochar and 10% lower for 350°C compared to 550°C pyrolysis temperature. No difference in net CO₂ equivalent was observed among biochar grades.     

Cytological and geographical characterizations of Hemarthria

Summary Chromosme numbers were determined for 56 Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf et C. E. Hubb. introduction, forty of these were diploid (2n=18) and 16 were tetraploid (2n=36). These results, combined with previous findings, show that all but three of the tetraploids in the USDA Hemarthria altissima collection originated north of 20 S latitude. All other introductions collected throughout southern Africa were diploid. Meiosis was regular in a hexaploid, 6 tetraploid and 32 diploid introductions but a low frequency of quadrivalents was found in the teraploids. H. uncinata R. Br. and H. uncinata var. spathacea (Domin) Vickery were found to have 2n=36 chromosomes H. compressa (L.f.) R. Br., introduced from Japan, had 2n=54 chromosomes. No major cytological abnormalities exist in these Hemarthria species. Significant variation exists among the ploidy levels for cold tolerance and in vitro organic matter digestion to provide the basis for a forage improvement program.Joint contribution from the Department of agronomy. Institute of food and Agric. Sciences (IFAS), Univ. of Florida. Gainesville, Fl and, Plant Genetics and Germplasm Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD Published as IFAS Journal Series No. 2849.     

Kinetics of sorption of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate by ammoniated tropical soils

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study kinetics of sorption of orthophosphate (OP) and pyrophosphate (PP) from dilute solutions by three ammoniated tropical soils. Milligrams of P sorbed by soil (?P) and shaking time (t) showed a linear relationship: ?P = a + b √t. The data suggested two diffusion — controlled processes during P sorption. In general, due to ammoniation, initial sorption rate of OP (in linear region I) increased while that of PP decreased. PP was sorbed more than OP. Sorption rate of OP and PP in linear region II showed a tendency to decrease with increasing ammoniation levels.     

Buffer Ph methods for estimation of lime requirement of tropical acid soils

Abstract

Lime requirements (LR) of 26 agricultural acid soils were estimated using the following buffer methods: Shoemaker‐McLean‐Pratt (SMP) single buffer (SMP‐SB), SMP double buffer (SMP‐DB), Mehlich buffer method for crops with high LR (MEHLICH I), and Mehlich buffer methods for crops with low LR (MEHLICH II). The LR were determined to three pH targets (6.5, 6.0 and 5.5). The LR values were then evaluated through regression analysis using LR values obtained by the Ca(OH)₂ titration (for the 6.5 pH target) and moist CaCO₃‐incubation (for the 6.0 and 5.5 pH targets) as reference methods. All the buffer methods were well correlated with the reference methods but the SMP‐DB gave the best results for both high and low LR soils, and was particularly impressive at the lowest pH target.     

Differential Sorption Behavior of Cadmium,Lead, Zinc,and Copper in Some Tropical Soils and Their Environmental Implications

This study evaluated cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) sorption characteristics of three tropical soils. Data obtained conformed to Freundlich sorption model and the S-shaped isotherm curve. Sorption efficiency of Zn and Pb were highest in alkaline soil while slightly acid soil had the highest Cd and Cu sorption efficiency for monometal sorption. In competitive sorption, metals were more sorbed in slightly acid soil while the least efficiency was recorded in acid soil. Distribution coefficient; K_d (average across soil types) in monometal sorption followed the order: Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu. For competitive sorption, the order was Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. When in competition, Cd was preferentially sorbed in slightly acid and alkaline soils and Zn for acid soil. Conclusively, lead is more in equilibrium solution when in competition with Cd, Zn and Cu making it potential agent of soil and groundwater pollution.     

华南热带湿润海滩风蚀模数的风洞研究

风蚀是一种重要的地貌过程和地质灾害,它影响海岸沙丘的增长,加速沙漠化并危害沿岸建筑。海岸带预测和控制风蚀的几个因素中,表面湿度是一个最重要的因子。现有的风洞研究已经表明,降低湿度可以减小起动,增强风蚀,但仍然缺乏热带湿润海岸风蚀的样地和风洞数据。使用华南热带湿润海岸的海滩沙,通过风洞实验,首次调查了表面湿度(1mm深)对风蚀模数的影响。在每次实验后,通过表面沉积物取样器取得两个200mm×200mm×1mm的刮层,然后烘干得到表面湿度值。结果表明,在所有实验湿度下,随着有效风速的增加,风蚀模数的增加呈现指数为正值的幂函数关系。随着表面湿度的增加,风蚀模数的降低呈现指数为负值的幂函数关系。当湿度和风速同步变化时,风蚀模数同有效风速的0.73次方成正比,同湿度的1.48次方成反比。由于湿度的存在,沙粒的风蚀抑制力增强,其内在因素主要是沙粒周围水膜产生的粘滞力。实验获得了一个临界湿度值,当湿度大于M1.5时,风蚀基本停止(风蚀模数已降至0.0095kg/(m2.s)以下)。     

Mineralization and changes in microbial biomass in water-saturated soil amended with some tropical plant residues

An incubation experiment was conducted in the laboratory at 25 and 35°C during 56 d to analyze the mineralization patterns and the changes in microbial biomass in water-saturated soils amended with 6 types of organic materials (O.M.) including residues from 4 tropical plants. C and N mineralization in amended and non-amended soils was influenced by the temperature, A significantly positive correlation was observed between C mineralization and the amount of hexoses of the amended O.M. regardless of the period of incubation. A negative relationship between the N mineralized from amended O.M. and C/N ratios and the amounts of cellulose plus hemicellulose of the added O.M. was observed during the period of maximum mineralization on the 49th day at 25°C. The critical C/N ratio value for N mineralization and immobilization was observed in dhaincha (15.7) and cowpea (22.0).

The pattern of changes in microbial biomass C and N was almost similar at both 25 and 35°C. The amount of biomass C and N gradually increased up to a period of 28 to 42 d and thereafter decreased gradually. A significant increase in the amount of biomass C and N was observed in O.M. amended soils over the control. The contribution of rice straw and cowpea to biomass C formation was significantly larger than that of other O.M. at the end of incubation (56 d). In the case of biomass N, the contribution of rice straw was significantly larger than that of other O.M. except for azolla at 25°C and cowpea at 35°C. The significant contribution of rice straw and cowpea to biomass formation suggests that microbial biomass remaining in soil on the 56th day had been influenced by the combination of a larger amount of cellulose plus hemicellulose and higher C/N ratio in plant residues.