Estimations of total ecosystem carbon pools distribution and carbon biomass current annual increment of a moist tropical forest

With increasing CO₂ in the atmosphere, there is an urgent need of reliable estimates of biomass and carbon pools in tropical forests, most especially in Africa where there is a serious lack of data. Information on current annual increment (CAI) of carbon biomass resulting from direct field measurements is crucial in this context, to know how forest ecosystems will affect the carbon cycle and also to validate eddy covariance flux measurements. Biomass data were collected from 25 plots of 13 ha spread over the different vegetation types and land uses of a moist evergreen forest of 772,066 ha in Cameroon. With site-specific allometric equations, we estimated biomass and aboveground and belowground carbon pools. We used GIS technology to develop a carbon biomass map of our study area. The CAI was estimated using the growth rates obtained from tree rings analysis. The carbon biomass was on average 264 ± 48 Mg ha⁻¹. This estimate includes aboveground carbon, root carbon and soil organic carbon down to 30 cm depth. This value varied from 231 ± 45 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in Agro-Forests to 283 ± 51 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in Managed Forests and to 278 ± 56 Mg ha⁻¹ of carbon in National Park. The carbon CAI varied from 2.54 ± 0.65 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Agro-Forests to 2.79 ± 0.72 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Managed Forests and to 2.85 ± 0.72 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in National Park. This study provides estimates of biomass, carbon pools and CAI of carbon biomass from a forest landscape in Cameroon as well as an appropriate methodology to estimate these components and the related uncertainty.     

热带亚热带玉米种质在温带的研究与利用

简要概述了热带亚热带玉米种质的特点及其在温带利用情况、光周期反应、适应性改良方法及杂种优势模式研究。提出了热带种质在温带利用上存在的问题。     

北方灌区节水农业发展若干问题探讨

农业是中国的用水大户,主要消耗于灌溉,约占总用水量的90%。发展灌区节水农业是缓解农业用水紧张状况的必由之路。以山东省为例,通过对水资源短缺状况及灌溉和灌溉水利用现状的分析,指出中国北方灌区节水农业存在的主要问题。提出北方灌区节水农业研究的重点领域:注重农艺节水技术研究;雨水资源的高效利用;节水型种植结构研究;设施条件下的节水理论与技术研究;非充分灌溉制度地研究确立;开展生物节水技术地研究与应用。     

秦岭北坡森林公园综合评价模型研究

提出了秦岭北坡森林公园的评价体系,应用层次分析法,建立了秦岭北坡森林公园评价模型,计算出了评价指标的权重。结果表明:在20个评价指标中,森林公园森林覆盖率最重要(0.1929),是立园之本;水体(0.109 3)是组成森林公园重要景观之一,地形地质(0.092 6)是构景的重要因素,距大中城市的距离(0.083 9)是森林资源公园开发的客源条件。     

云南热区阔叶人工林可持续经营标准研究(II)——系统容量及林地生产力

概述了云南热区阔叶人工林可持续培育的区域适宜性评价指标体系,阐明了热区阔叶人工林两个目标层森林生态系统的平衡和稳定,以及培育效果的可持续性指标体系,计算了云南热区主要县市“生态阈值”.分别对两类评价指标进行了详细的阐述.     

不同状态绿豆根边缘细胞对Cd2+的响应

以绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus)为材料,采用琼脂悬空培养法和培养皿滤纸培养法,以不同浓度的Cd2+处理洗脱根边缘细胞和未洗脱根边缘细胞的绿豆根尖,研究了离体状态和活体状态绿豆根边缘细胞对镉毒的响应.结果表明:在Cd2+的诱导下,离体状态的绿豆根边缘细胞凋亡和分泌黏液,同时随着Cd2+浓度的升高,其存活率逐渐递减;Cd2+具有诱导根尖产生根边缘细胞的作用,根尖释放的根边缘细胞数量随着Cd2+浓度的增加先增多后减少,其中,50 μmol L-1 Cd2+处理在洗脱组和未洗脱组均呈现最大诱导效应;Cd2+对根边缘细胞的活性具有影响,随着Cd2+浓度的增加,根边缘细胞的存活率在未洗脱组逐渐降低,而洗脱组则先升高后降低.与对照相比,25 μmol L-1,200 μmol L-1,400 μmol L-1 Cd2+在各处理时间段具有显著性差异(p＜0.05);根冠果胶甲基酯酶活性(PME)随着Cd2+浓度的增加呈现上升趋势,处理24 h高浓度Cd2+均会引起根冠PME活性的显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,绿豆根尖可释放更多根边缘细胞,并通过离体根边缘细胞形成黏液层、凋亡等来抵御Cd2+对根尖的毒害作用.     

NUTRIENT DISORDER SYMPTOMOLOGY AND FOLIAR CONCENTRATIONS OF CLERODENDRUM THOMSONIAE

Clerodendrum thomsoniae plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element ten times higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. The plants were automatically irrigated and the solution drained from the bottom of the pot and captured for reuse. The nutrient solutions were completely replaced weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. Plants were harvested for nutrient analysis when initial symptoms were expressed. Nutrient deficiency symptoms were described and foliar nutrient concentrations provided.     

Ionic relations in tropical pasture grasses

Ionic relations in the tops of nine tropical pasture grasses were studied by using K‐Na and K‐Mg nutrient replacement series in sand culture. Rhodes grass, green panic, and pangola grass accumulated Na when K supply was low and Na was available. Sorghum, kikuyu, paspalum, speargrass and setaria accumulated very little Na but considerable quantities of Mg when the K supply was low and Mg was available. There were smaller increases in the amounts of Mg accumulated by rhodes grass, green panic, buffel grass and pangola grass than in the other five species when grown in solutions of low K/Mg ratio.

Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, Cl, NO , and SO. in the plant tops are presented. Although experimental treatments resulted in considerable variations in the concentrations of individual elements, cation‐anion balances (C‐A) remained relatively constant when nutrient deficiency did not depress yield in rhodes grass, green panic, pangola grass, sorghum, kikuyu, paspalum and speargrass. C‐A values in setaria and buffel grass increased as the concentration of K in the nutrient solutions increased.

These results are used as a basis for suggesting management practices that will improve the chemical composition of plant material and avoid a number of nutritional disorders that can occur in animals grazing these grasses.     

Volatile losses of sulfur from intact plants

Losses of volatile sulfur (S) compounds were measured from intact plants of 22 species including tropical and temperate crop and pasture species grown under glasshouse conditions. All species released substantial amounts of S during a 22‐hour collection period. The amounts lost ranged from 0.13 μg S g dry weight of shoot^‐1 22 hours^‐1 in barrel medic to 2.68 μg S g dry weight of shoot^‐1 22 hours^‐1 in rape. These losses represented 0.005% of the total S in the shoot in barrel medic and 0.92% in rape. There was no obvious division between temperate and tropical species in terms of the amounts of volatile sulfur compounds released, but the evidence suggested that tropical species released a different spectrum of volatile sulfur compounds from temperate species. Thus in tropical grasses and legumes, a higher proportion of the total volatiles was recovered in cold traps, whereas in temperate grasses and legumes, a higher proportion of the total volatiles was recovered in activated carbon traps located after the cold traps. When all 22 species were considered together, the amount of volatile S lost was not correlated with the S concentration in the shoot. Extrapolation of these short term observations in the glasshouse to longer term losses under field conditions suggests that losses of volatile S from fields of alfalfa, Rhodes grass, and wheat may be in the order of hundreds of grams of S ha^‐1 year^‐1, while losses from fields of cotton may be in the order of thousands of grams of S ha^‐1 year^‐1.