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51.
The F2 progenies of crosses between several cowpea (V. unguiculata) lines were investigated for variation of eye pattern and seed coat colour. It was found that three (W, H, O) and five (R, P, B, M, N) major genes control eye pattern and seed coat colour, respectively. The recessive gene (GO) for restricted eye pattern enables the underlying basic white or cream seed coat colour to be observed. A similar effect is obtained with the recessive gene (rr) for colour expression. The expression of mottling (V), possibly a seed coat pattern, may for be observed when it is combined with the genes for certain eye patterns. The significance of these findings in breeding for consumer preference for specific seed coat colour is discussed. 相似文献
52.
Different improved coffee arabica crosseshaving resistance to coffee berry diseaseand leaf rust, plus a standard cultivar,were grown under a range of environmentalconditions in a series of field trials inKenya. The effects of location and year ofproduction and their interactions with theclones were determined for berry yield.These data were used to estimate andcompare methods of analysis of GEI. An AMMImodel, joint regression model and ANOVAwith repeated measurements were used toinvestigate these interactions. The resultsindicated the relative effects of theclones and the environmental conditions,with Meru being the location where therewas greatest discrimination between theclones, probably because it was bettersuited for coffee. Clones,environments and joint regressions combinedaccounted for 31.20% of the interaction,leaving a residual of 68.80%. Significantresidual mean squares showed therelationship between clones andenvironments not to be strictly linear,thus indicating that regression analysisdid not always provide good estimates ofindividual clonal performance acrossenvironments. High correlations wereobtained between mean yield and regressioncoefficients and between ecovalence andmean square deviations as well as thecoefficient of determination. Resultsshowed that the improved clones surpassedthe standard cultivar both in terms ofyield and stability.Different analyses of the various aspectsof genotype response enabled the 21 clonesto be classified into different similaritygroups based on their performance andphenotypic stability as measured by variousstability parameters and the use of biplotsfrom the AMMI analysis. 相似文献
53.
Summary Four varieties of lupins were sown at three planting dates and the level of Phomopsis leptostromiformis measured on the mature stems. When averaged over planting dates the varieties did not differ in resistance to this disease, however there were highly significant interactions between varieties and planting dates for level of disease. The implications of this result for resistance breeding to Phomopsis leptostromiformis are discussed. 相似文献
54.
Summary Results from a cooperative breeding programme with timothy for the northern areas of Scandinavia are presented. The main aim of the programme was to identify genotypes for synthetic populations that are high yielding, adapted over the whole area and stable over years. A polycross comprising 12 genotypes from each of five sites within the region was formed. The subsequent 60 half-sib families and four reference varieties were then compared under sward conditions at the same sites. The trials lasted for three years and results for total dry matter yields are presented.Significant differences in yield between lines were found. There were also significant two and three factor interactions between lines, sites and years. A new two-step procedure is presented to select the genotypes to make up a synthetic variety. Firstly, a superiority measure (Q-value) is used to select a group of genotypes that are high yielding and stable over sites and years. Secondly, the GxE part of the Q-value is split into two terms. One measures adaptation to predictable environmental conditions. The other one measures stability to unpredictable changes in the environment. A plot of these two measures provides a tool for discarding unstable or poorly adapted genotypes. The statistical properties of the selection parameters are discussed. 相似文献
55.
Summary A joint breeding project for the northern areas of Scandinavia and Iceland was initiated in 1981 under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Initially, efforts concentrated on cooperative trials in which both early and more advanced breeding material was tested at a number of experimental stations in the northern regions. This was followed by a joint breeding programme for timothy with the primary aim of developing varieties that possess broad adaptation to a range of Nordic climates and managements and can be grown throughout the northernmost part of Scandinavia. Each of the five national breeding stations originally provided 12 timothy genotypes for the project giving a total of 60 genotypes. The parental genotypes were compared as spaced plants at all five stations and their polycross progeny were grown under sward conditions at the same sites. On the basis of results obtained from these field trials parent clones have been selected and intercrossed to form synthetic populations. 相似文献
56.
Genetics of grains per spike in durum wheat under normal and late planting conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Parental, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, BC11, BC12, BC21, BC22, BC1 self and BC2 selfed generations of three crosses involving six cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied for grains per spike under normal and late sown environments to analyze the nature of gene effects. A 10-parameter model did not fully account for the differences among the generation means. In two cases more complex interactions or linkage were involved in the inheritance of grains per spike in durum. Both digenic and trigenic epistatic interactions had a role in controlling the inheritance of grains per spike, however, trigenic interactions contributed more than digenic interactions. Non-fixable gene effects were many times higher than fixable ones in all three crosses and in both sowing environments indicating a major role of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of this trait. Duplicate epistasis between sets of three genes under both environments was recorded for the cross Raj 911 × DWL 5002. Epistatic interactions, particularly the trigenic ones, contributed the maximum significant heterosis. Epistatic interactions involving dominance in the F2 generations caused significant inbreeding depression. Selective diallel mating and/or biparental mating could be used for amelioration of grains per spike in durum wheat. 相似文献
57.
The Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soya Bean Under Field Conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. M. Antunes A. de Varennes T. Zhang M. J. Goss 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2006,192(5):373-378
The tripartite symbiosis formed by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan and soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Evans) was investigated under field conditions to test the hypotheses that: (i) the tripartite symbiosis enhances nodulation and nodule activity; and (ii) its establishment does not rely on improved phosphorus (P) uptake through the fungal partner. Soil tillage was used to produce treatments with contrasting AMF colonization potentials while the amount of B. japonicum inoculum was kept constant. Nodulation, AMF colonization and the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants were evaluated at 10 and 51 (full‐bloom) days after emergence. N2 fixation was estimated by the difference method and by the isotopic dilution method. At the early stage of plant growth, AMF hyphal colonization and nodulation were, respectively, 16 % and 33 % greater in plants from untilled than from rototilled soil. The establishment of the tripartite symbiosis was observed under field conditions, and factors other than P nutrition were critical to its formation. However, the tripartite symbiosis did not promote N2 fixation under the high soil P conditions of this study. 相似文献
58.
François Balfourier Jose Alberto Oliveira Gilles Charmet Enrique Arbones 《Euphytica》1997,98(1-2):37-46
A sample of 58 natural ryegrass populations (Lolium perenne L.) from the French and Spanish oceanic coast was evaluated for
three seasonal growth traits (i.e. spring, autumn and winter vigour traits) in 5 evaluation sites (three in France and two
in Spain). This sample showed a high level of genotype (population) × environment (evaluation sites) interactions for the
three agronomic traits. A factor regression analysis, using both isozyme frequencies of populations and climatic factors of
evaluation sites as covariates, was carried out on a sub-sample of 30 populations in order to explain these interactions.
This method succeeded in explaining most population × location interactions by the product of two covariates. For instance,
for spring vigour trait, 72.8% of the interaction term could be explained by the use of two covariates: the PGI2-20 allelic
frequency of populations and the minimum temperature of the coldest month of evaluation sites. This study shows the advantage
of such a method for plant breeders who need to identify promising ryegrass populations for their breeding objectives. A number
of genetic and evolutionary hypotheses are also discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
59.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infections on sunflower capitula produce white rot, one of the most dangerous diseases sunflower bears in all humid areas.
Therefore, disease quantification on developed genetic materials is a very important action in sunflower breeding. Given the
horizontal type of resistance these evaluations should be made in different environments. Several hybrids obtained after crossing
seven female × seven male sunflower inbred lines in a factorial mating design were evaluated for resistance to white rot in
two locations in the southeast of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Disease incidence and the symptom appearance index
indicated significant genotypic effects and genotype × environment (G × E) interactions. Genotypic effects were a greater
source of variance than the G × E interaction effects. The G × E interactions only represented changes in magnitude. These
results were used to identify the best genotypes for both resistance factors. Four hybrids showed low disease incidence values
under both artificial and natural infections, of which only two had high values of the symptom appearance index at both locations.
These hybrids are considered to have adequate resistance attributes for the ascosporic penetration and the mycelium extension
in the capitulum tissue and could therefore be sown in the province of Buenos Aires without increasing risks of S. sclerotiorum attacks. 相似文献
60.
Species N use traits was evaluated as a mechanism whereby Bromus inermis (Bromus), an established invasive, might alter soil N supply in a Northern mixed-grass prairie. We compared soils under stands of Bromus with those from three representative native grasses of different litter C/N: Andropogon gerardii (Andropogon), Nassella viridula (Nassella) and Pascopyrum smithii (Pascopyrum); in ascending order of litter quality. Net mineralization (per g soil N) measured in year-long laboratory incubations showed no differences in comparisons of Bromus with two of the three native grasses: Andropogon and Nassella. Higher mineralization in Pascopyrum stands relative to Bromus was consistent with its higher litter quality. However, an unusually high occurrence of an N-fixing legume in Pascopyrum stands, potentially favoring high mineralization rates, confounded any conclusions regarding the effects of plant N use on N mineralization. Instead of an initial flush of net mineralization, as would be expected in laboratory incubation, we observed an initial lag phase. This lag in net N mineralization coincided with high microbial activity (respiration) that suggests strong N limitation of the microbial biomass. Further support for the importance of immobilization initially came from modeling mineralization dynamics, which was explained better when we accounted for microbial growth in our model. The absence of strong differences in net mineralization beneath these grasses suggests that differences in plant N use alone were unlikely to influence soil N mineralization through substrate quality, particularly under strong N control of the microbial biomass. 相似文献