‘糯米糍’荔枝碳素营养储备动态与坐果的关系

 以10～12年生的‘糯米糍’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) 为材料, 研究了高产树(60～65 kg·株^{- 1} ) 和低产树(5～10 kg·株^{- 1} ) 不同部位(叶片、各级枝条和主干) 碳素营养储备(淀粉) 的差异及季节动态; 分析了不同果实发育阶段树体碳素营养水平与坐果率的关系。结果表明, 果实成熟时高产树各部位的淀粉含量均低于低产树, 而可溶性糖含量高于低产树。果实采收后, 低产树早于高产树抽发新梢。入冬季前(11月底前) , 低产树和高产树分别抽发了3次和2次秋梢。7～11月秋梢生长发育期间, 高产树和低产树均无显著淀粉积累, 11月中旬以后枝梢生长停滞期间, 各部位, 尤其是4 cm直径以内的枝条大量积累淀粉, 在花穗发育前达到高峰。之后, 随花穗发育、开花及坐果而持续降低。高产树和低产树各部位淀粉高峰并无明显差异, 表明坐果量对树体碳素营养储备的累积并无明显的长期影响。叶片、主枝和主干积累的淀粉含量较低, 总体相对稳定; 而4 cm直径以下的枝梢淀粉含量变化剧烈, 说明这些枝梢是更为活跃的碳素储备库。本研究还表明, 坐果早期(花后3周内) 枝条(2 cm直径) 的淀粉含量与该枝条上最终坐果率呈显著正相关, 而果实发育中期(花后8周) 枝条淀粉含量与坐果率无关, 说明早期果实发 育一定程度依赖树体碳素营养储备, 而中后期果实发育几乎不依赖树体储备。     

饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗的解剖学鉴定

利用石蜡切片法,研究NAA和IBA对饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗营养器官组织结构的影响,发现:除茎以外,组培苗根和叶的解剖结构均出现了一定程度的差异,这些差异说明经NAA处理后的组培苗具有更强的输水、保水和抗逆能力,保持了饲料型四倍体刺槐抗旱性的特点.     

干旱胁迫对果树开花的诱导及对生理生化性状的影响

干旱胁迫是许多热带、亚热带果树花芽诱导的有效措施,现就干旱胁迫对果树开花诱导的效果以及对果树生理生化过程的影响进行讨论.认为干旱胁迫明显降低果树的营养生长,影响果树体内碳水化合物以及含氮化合物的含量水平和相对比例,明显调节果树体内内源激素含量状况,并有效促进部分果树的开花.同时对干旱诱导的时间、强度以及今后控水促花研究中尚需解决的问题进行了讨论.     

核果类果树遗传连锁图谱的研究进展

遗传连锁图谱构建是基因组研究中的重要环节,是基因定位与克隆乃至基因组结构与功能研究的基础。近20a来,分子生物学特别是分子标记技术的飞速发展为高饱和核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建和利用奠定了基础。目前国内外已经公布十几张核果类的遗传连锁图谱,但这些图谱均有不同的缺陷。因此,我们就核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建进展、性状的QTL定位及比较图谱应用进行了综述,并探讨了核果类遗传连锁图谱研究的前景和存在的问题。     

Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach

The quantity of water available for irrigation is getting scarce in many countries and it assumes great importance for assured crop production, especially in view of the erratic behavior of the monsoon. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the water efficiency of irrigation systems. One-way of improving the efficiency of the irrigation system is reusing the return flow from the irrigation system. This task requires quantification of return flow, which still remains as a grey area in irrigation water management. The estimation of return flow from the irrigation system is usually obtained using thumb rules depending upon the site-specific conditions like command area conditions and soil properties. In this paper, a hierarchical modeling technique, namely, regression tree is developed for return flow estimation. Regression tree is built through binary recursive partitioning. The effective rainfall, inflow, consumptive water demand, and percolation loss are taken as predictor variables and return flow is treated as the target variable. The applicability of the hierarchical model is demonstrated through a case study of Periyar-Vaigai Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India. The model performance shows a good match between the simulated and the field measured return flow values. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients are high for both single as well as double crop seasons.     

联合收割机割台总成的虚拟装配

研究了基于虚拟现实技术的联合收割机割台总成的虚拟装配.根据产品的装配结构模型,生成了联合收割机割台总成的装配结构树;采用UG建立了割台总成零部件的三维数字模型,导入到数字制造仿真软件,建立了总成各零部件的约束及装配关系,对割台总成进行了虚拟装配.     

冷挤压技术在圆柱齿轮成形中的应用

论述了采用冷挤压工艺代替传统的切削加工生产直齿圆柱齿轮的优点,并且对直齿圆柱齿轮零件进行了冷挤压工艺过程分析,拟制了新的工艺方案,又对模具结构进行了合理的设计,提高了金属的填充能力,并降低了成形压力。     

Conserving indigenous crayfish: stock assessment and habitat requirements in the threatened Austropotamobius italicus

• 1. As part of the Austropotamobius pallipes species complex, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus is a species of community interest whose preservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Annex II, EU Habitats Directive). This study aimed at (1) assessing the conservation status of this threatened indigenous species by stock assessment in central Italy and (2) identifying some aspects of its elective habitat.
• 2. Surveys were conducted in nine streams harbouring A. italicus (streams WI) and in 10 streams where crayfish populations became extinct at least 5 years before the study (streams WO).
• 3. The results confirmed that A. italicus is a K‐selected species, with a relatively slow growth rate (males: 0.34; females: 0.37) and a long life expectancy (males: 8.2 years; females: 7.8 years). The extant populations are healthy, showing balanced sex‐ratios and well structured age‐class compositions. Mortality is mainly due to fishing, which is illegal in Tuscany.
• 4. Principal Components Analyses showed that the streams WI and WO differ in the abundance of allochthonous plant detritus but not in the taxonomic composition of their macroinvertebrate communities. Age classes were found to be spatially segregated, juveniles mainly using cobbles as substrates and adults seemingly avoiding them.
• 5. The loss of the pristine riverine landscape seems to have been responsible, together with illegal fishing, for the local extinction of the species. As a consequence, retaining, enhancing, and restoring the habitat and its complexity are required for the preservation of A. italicus.
• 6. The designation of SACs might help in this endeavour if accompanied by programmes aimed at publicizing the need for conservation of this species. Unfortunately, crayfish‐focused projects supported by LIFE in Italy since 1992 (4%) and the SACs involved (1.4%) have been relatively few, despite the poor conservation status of this species and its well recognized ecological role.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Repeated physical disturbances and the stability of sub‐tropical coral communities in Hong Kong,China

• 1. This paper reports on the dynamics of the coral community structure at A Ma Wan (AMW) and A Ye Wan (AYW) in Tung Ping Chau, Hong Kong, focusing on data collected before and after the summer typhoon seasons in 1997 to 1999. This period (1999) experienced the highest frequency of severe tropical cyclones to hit Hong Kong with one cyclone being the strongest to hit in the last 23 years (1984 to 2006).
• 2. This is part of a long‐term monitoring programme of subtropical coral communities that has been set up in AMW since May 1997 and AYW since May 1998 with nine fixed position 40 m long transects and 0.5 m × 0.5 m permanent quadrats laid at 5 m intervals along each transect. A total of 45 scleractinian coral species from 21 genera (12 families) was recorded, with 40 species in AMW and 32 species in AYW recorded at the beginning of the study.
• 3. Multidimensional scaling ordinations showed distinct spatial variations in the coral communities within and between sites. These variations were probably a result of the differential effects of the repeated cyclone impacts on the communities. Cyphastrea serailia, Goniopora lobata, Montipora peltiformis and Pavona decussata were the dominant species most strongly affected by cyclone impacts at AMW, experiencing a 6.2–16.2% loss of mean area cover during the study period. Some dominant species (e.g. P. decussata) in AYW also experienced a 6.5–14.3% loss of mean area cover within the same period.
• 4. Overall, these coral community structures appeared relatively stable and resistant to repeated physical disturbances. However, they may have low resilience towards more severe disturbances in the future. Preserving the resilience of coral communities/species in Tung Ping Chau should be one of the main goals of coral conservation strategies for the island.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.