秋水仙素及辅助处理对小麦×玉米单倍体加倍的影响

为了寻找方便、安全、高效的小麦单倍体苗加倍处理方法,选用秋水仙素3个浓度(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%)、3个处理时间(3h、4h、5h)对单倍体苗进行浸根加倍处理;同时,比较了加光与不加光、全程通气与不通气、分蘖节打孔与不打孔等技术措施下单倍体苗的移栽成活率、加倍结实率。结果表明,室温下以0.2%的秋水仙素浸根处理3~4h,期间持续通入空气并进行遮光处理的效果最佳,可获得90.0%的加倍率。避光和持续通气处理有利于提高成活率和加倍率,其在高浓度加倍处理和长时间加倍处理时显得尤其重要。分蘖节打孔伤害了植株,降低了加倍后植株的成活率,但能提高低浓度短时间处理时植株的加倍率,对低浓度长时间处理和高浓度处理则不适用。     

锈色粒肩天牛的初步研究

锈色粒肩天牛是近年在我省国槐上新发现的一种毁灭性害虫,对园林绿化威胁很大。本文对其分布、危害、形态特征、生活习性及其主要天敌的形态和生物学特性作了较全面的报导。在上述研究基础上,通过防治试验提出5种相应防治措施,为有效地控制该种新害虫的危害提供参考。     

Effect of soil tillage and weed control methods on weed biomass and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.)

Abstract

The study was carried out in dryfarming areas in Ankara, Turkey, over 2 years (2001 – 2002 and 2002 – 2003). The objective was to determine different soil tillage and weed control methods on weed biomass and yield components, yield of lentil (Lens culinaris). This study compared the effects of two tillage systems (shallow minimum tillage and traditional tillage) and three weed control methods (weedy check, hand weeding and herbicide) on weed biomass, growth characteristics, seed yield and some yield components of lentil. Significant differences were found among weed control methods for weed biomass and yield parameters of lentil. Tillage systems had no significant effect on weed biomass or yield of lentil. The highest yield and lowest weed biomass was found in the hand-weeded treatment compared to the other weed control methods. Results of this research indicate that weeds are a main constraint for lentil growing under dryland conditions. Grain yield of lentil was reduced more than 60% due to uncontrolled weeds.     

Nonmarket Benefits of Reducing Environmental Effects of Potential Wildfires in Beetle-Killed Trees: A Contingent Valuation Study

We estimated Colorado households’ nonmarket values for two forest management options for reducing intensity of future wildfires and associated nonmarket environmental effects wildfires. The first policy is the traditional harvesting of pine beetle-killed trees and burning of the slash piles of residual materials on-site. The second involves harvesting but moving the residual material off-site and converting it into biochar, thus reducing some of the risk and environmental effects associated with burning on-site. A contingent valuation method mail survey was used to evaluate these two management options. The survey achieved a 47% response rate. We used a nonparametric Turnbull estimator to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP) for burn on-site and off-site biochar conversion. The calculated WTP for burn on-site and off-site biochar conversion options (beyond the cost of the status quo level of forest treatment) is $411 and $470 per household per year, respectively.     

Biomass Production and Nutrient Removal from Municipal Wastes Using Willow Vegetation Filters

Short rotation forests, consisting of various willows (Salix spp.), are suitable vegetation filters with regard to removal of nutrients from municipal sewage sludge, wastewater, leakage water and bioash (wood ash). As long as contents of heavy metals and known organic compounds are kept below accepted limit values, such waste oducts can be regarded as valuable nutrient resources, and particularly when the vegetation is produced for energy purposes instead of for direct or indirect human consumption. The benefit is three-fold: (i) purification of municipal waste using natural circulation, (ii) production of biomass for energy purposes, (iii) reduction of air pollution when burning wood instead of fossil fuels. Most Salix plantations can be used as recipients of sludge and ash as well as be irrigated with wastewater from sewage plants or with leakage water from dumps. Regarding waste and leakage water irrigation, a combined artificial wetland for winter conditions and a willow vegetation filter during the growing season can be used for the purification The welland should be planted with a suitable vegetation cover, which can be harvested in order to remove maximal amounts of nutrients from the system. This biomass can be used as fuel or in compost. There are also indications that some willow clones are capable of taking up certain heavy metals, while others are not. This is beneficial when growing willow on contaminated soils, which either could be purified or just be used for such plantations.     

麦茬处理方式对夏花生播种质量与前期生长及产量的影响

为探讨适合河南省花生夏直播的麦茬处理方式,采用大田试验,研究了麦茬处理方式（平茬、灭茬＋旋耕、灭茬＋犁耙）对夏花生播种质量和生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,旋耕和犁耙后土壤较虚,播种较深,平茬土壤较紧实,播种较浅,3种麦茬处理方式播种深度虽有显著差异,但基本符合花生播种深度的要求。麦茬处理方式对每2m长的播种穴数影响较小,对每2m长的出苗数影响较大,以旋耕处理2m内出苗株数最少。苗期花生株高、单株鲜重均以平茬处理最高;花针期株高、单株鲜重和单株干重以犁耙处理最高。花生产量以犁耙处理最高,平茬产量较低。综合而言,以小麦秸秆用粉碎机械灭茬、再犁地耙平后机播的麦茬处理方式增产效果最佳。     

不同施肥措施对沿淮区麦-玉周年产量及氮素利用的影响

沿淮砂姜黑土区,设置5种施肥措施(常规施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田,推荐施肥+控失肥,推荐施肥+粉煤灰),探讨其对麦-玉轮作周年产量及氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明,麦-玉轮作周年产量以推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理最高(12921kg/hm2),推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理次之(12365kg/hm2),较常规施肥处理分别增产12.5%、7.7%。冬小麦季:籽粒产量、氮素累积量(NAA)、氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮素吸收效率(NUPE)均以推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理较高,分别为6134 kg/hm2、180.0 kg/hm2、42.1%、0.80 kg/kg;夏玉米季:籽粒产量、NAA、NUE、NUPE则以推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理较高,分别为6971 kg/hm2、176.5 kg/hm2、38.3%、0.65 kg/kg。本试验条件下,推荐施肥+粉煤灰处理对提高沿淮砂姜黑土区麦-玉轮作周年产量、麦-玉氮肥利用率及氮素吸收效率较好,而长期而言,推荐施肥+秸秆粉碎全量还田处理更适。     

原料肉的机械前处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿品质的影响

为了改善猪肉切片火腿出水、质构和口感问题,以精选猪后腿肉的股四头肌为主要原料,研究5种机械处理工艺对猪肉切片火腿系水性(蒸煮损失率、压榨失水率和杀菌失水率)、质构特性(硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼度)、色泽和感官品质的影响。5种对原料肉的机械处理工艺包括只滚揉、注射腌制液后滚揉、嫩化后滚揉、注射后嫩化滚揉、腰刀绞制后滚揉。结果表明:注射和嫩化均可显著降低火腿的蒸煮损失率和压榨失水率,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的蒸煮损失率最低,为7.90%,而腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿切片杀菌失水率最低,为2.66%,注射后嫩化滚揉与腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿压榨失水率均最低,并且均显著低于其他处理组。注射和嫩化均可提高产品的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度,注射嫩化滚揉组合处理与进行1种机械处理或2种机械处理相比,样品具有更好的质构特性,但是5种机械处理工艺中,腰刀绞制后滚揉的猪肉火腿硬度、内聚性和咀嚼度均最大。注射和嫩化有利于提高产品的亮度值(L*)和红度值(a*),降低产品的黄度值(b*)。通过感官评价可知,只经过滚揉的火腿具有最差的感官品质,注射后滚揉和嫩化后滚揉火腿的感官品质差异不大,注射后嫩化滚揉的火腿的质地和切片性低于腰刀绞制后滚揉的火腿,但是显肉性和色泽优于腰刀绞制后滚揉火腿。因此,工业化生产建议原料肉采用注射后嫩化滚揉处理,猪肉切片火腿具有最好的品质。     

高氧处理对蜜橘果实采后贮藏特性的影响

为考察高氧处理对蜜橘果实贮藏特性的影响,以重庆本地蜜橘果实为试材,在25℃的环境中分别用体积分数40%、50%和60%的高氧处理蜜橘果实48 h,并以空气下贮藏的蜜橘果实作为对照。结果表明,高氧处理能有效降低蜜橘果实的失重率,加快贮藏蜜橘果实转色速度,提高果实的色泽指数和色差值(a*和h)。其中,40%的高氧浓度可以降低蜜橘果实腐烂率,提高贮藏蜜橘果实的固酸比(TSS/TA)和精氨酸含量。这说明高氧处理在一定程度上可以改善蜜橘果实着色,增强果实抗病能力并维持果实贮藏品质,在蜜橘果实贮藏保鲜方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

栽培措施对彩色马蹄莲细菌性软腐病发生的影响

以彩色马蹄莲的红色品种(M5)和黄色品种(M13)为供试材料,研究了不同栽培基质、覆盖方式、施肥种类、施肥方法等因素对彩色马蹄莲细菌性软腐病发生的影响。研究结果表明:栽培基质的不同对细菌性软腐病的发病率影响显著,用泥炭作基质能降低发病率。栽培基质表面覆盖与否和覆盖材料的不同对细菌性软腐病的发病率高低影响较大,栽培基质表面覆盖麦草发病率最低。不同的追肥时间和肥料种类的处理显示,在营养生长时期追肥和施用高钾肥也可以有效地降低彩色马蹄莲软腐病的发生率,开花期追肥和施用氮肥则有利于彩色马蹄莲软腐病的发生。