温室水培叶菜高速稀植机构设计与试验

温室水培叶菜幼苗种植需将钵苗从穴盘移栽至栽培槽中,传统人工作业劳动强度大、效率低,而通过移栽机自动化作业效率高、质量好.该研究设计了一种多移植手的穴盘取苗高速稀植移栽机构,可实现穴盘内成排取苗和栽培槽变间距并行植苗作业.高速稀植移栽机采用受拉缓冲带串接针爪式多移植手减缓变间距栽植过程中的不等速冲击,通过油压缓冲器减缓多...     

非圆齿轮-连杆组合传动式蔬菜钵苗移栽机构设计

针对现有的单行星架轮系机构无法实现取栽一体式蔬菜移栽机构所需的作业轨迹和姿态问题,该文基于曲柄摇杆机构的变速摆动和非圆齿轮的不等速传动特性相结合的思想,提出一种双行星架非圆齿轮与连杆机构组合传动的取栽一体式蔬菜钵苗移栽机构。该机构的副行星架相对主行星架作变速摆动,移栽臂相对副行星架作回转运动。采用三次非均匀B样条拟合非圆齿轮节曲线建立移栽机构运动学模型。结合西芹移栽株距220 mm、苗高100～150 mm和穴钵深度40 mm的移栽农艺要求,优选出一组适合西芹钵苗取栽一体作业的尖嘴形轨迹和姿态。轨迹取苗段长度33 mm,植苗点距离行星架壳体运动最低点距地面高度55 mm,取苗角23°,取苗过程变化角16°,推苗角65°,轨迹整体高度355 mm,动轨迹环口高度125 mm。通过对比分析仿真轨迹、试验轨迹与理论分析的轨迹基本一致,验证了移栽机构作业轨迹的正确性和设计方案的可行性,该研究可为实现兼顾轨迹高度、取苗深度和作业姿态的取栽一体式蔬菜钵苗移栽机构设计提供技术参考。     

Storm-generated coral fragments - A viable source of transplants for reef rehabilitation

Coral reefs throughout the world have been damaged by storms, diseases, coral predators, temperature anomalies, and human activities. During the past three decades, recovery has been limited and patchy. Although a damaged coral reef cannot be restored to its original condition, interest in reef restoration is increasing. In a pilot project in the Caribbean (US Virgin Islands), storm-produced fragments of Acroporapalmata, A. cervicornis, and Porites porites were collected from donor reefs and transplanted to nearby degraded reefs. Sixty coral fragments were attached to dead-coral substrate (usually A. palmata skeletons), at similar depths from which they had been collected (1-3.5 m), using nylon cable ties. Seventy-five intact colonies were designated as controls. Study colonies were assessed at 6-month intervals for 2 years (1999-2001) and annually thereafter (through 2004). One-fourth of the 135 colonies and fragments monitored were alive at the conclusion of the 5-year study. Survival of control and transplanted A.cervicornis and P. porites was very low (median survival 2.4 and 1.8 years, respectively), with no significant differences between transplant and control colonies. Site and depth did not contribute significantly to A. palmata colony survival, but colony size and transplant/control status did. Probability of survival increased with colony size. Median survival for A. palmata was 1.3 years for transplant and 4.3 years for natural colonies when not controlled for size. A. palmata was the only viable candidate for reef rehabilitation. Storm swells were the primary cause of mortality.     

半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机设计与试验

针对目前使用压缩基质培育的钵苗无法使用现有移栽机械完成栽植工作的问题,模仿人工先打穴后放苗的移栽方式,设计了一种半自动压缩基质型钵苗移栽机,包含有间歇式打穴装置、持苗栽植装置和钵苗输送装置。通过单因素试验测得2组不同含水率的西瓜钵苗的钵体侧面与滑道的摩擦系数分别为0.755、0.634,并分析了2组钵体抗压载荷与压缩量之间的关系。根据西瓜种植农艺要求及西瓜钵苗外形尺寸,确定了打穴器及钵苗夹持机构的结构尺寸。按照已知运动规律对摆动机构进行优化设计,阐述了持苗栽植装置的工作过程,使用解析法对其进行了运动分析。试验结果表明,拖拉机保持2.1~2.6 km/h的速度前进时,该机作业的平均株距为98.6 cm,株距合格率为90.62%;倒伏率为21.9%,能够基本满足西瓜钵苗移栽的要求。该研究为半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机的设计提供了参考。     

活动苗盘脱苗力学分析及粘附力影响因素试验研究

为解决钵苗移栽过程中,因苗钵与苗盘间粘附力导致取苗过程中苗钵破损,进而影响取苗成功率及栽后幼苗长势的问题,对活动苗盘开启脱苗时苗钵和苗盘侧板进行受力分析并对苗钵与侧板间粘附力影响因素进行研究。发现苗钵粘附力与苗盘开启峰值力之间存在正相关关系,苗盘侧板倾角与苗钵粘附力呈负相关关系,苗盘开启部件速度和基质含水率与苗钵粘附力呈正相关关系。为进一步研究各因素对苗钵粘附力的影响规律,以苗盘开启峰值力表征苗钵粘附力作为优化指标,以苗盘侧板倾角、苗盘开启部件速度和基质含水率为试验因素,利用响应曲面方法进行优化试验设计,同时测算各试验组合中苗钵基质损失率。当苗盘侧板倾角为9.24°、基质含水率为55%、苗盘开启部件速度为7.98 mm/s时,苗盘开启峰值力可以达到最小值6.97N,即苗钵与侧板间粘附力达到最小值;应用优化后调整的参数进行的验证试验表明:苗盘脱苗开启峰值力最小值为7.12 N,相对预测值误差为2.1%,苗钵基质损失率为3.14%,相较于优化前最低4.39%的基质损失率,基质损失率明显降低,证明了粘附力变化影响苗钵基质损失率。该研究结果可为进一步研究钵苗移栽过程中基质损失机理提供理论支撑。     

Initial Crown Diameter of Transplants Influences Marketable Yield Components of Two Strawberry Cultivars in Annual Hill Production System

Abstract

Influence of initial transplant size on yield components was investigated using two strawberry cultivars over a three-year period. Plants were sorted into three groups according to crown size each fall before transplanting.

Fruits were harvested once a week over a ten-week period each year. There were marked differences between ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ cultivars. Transplants of the ‘Chandler’ cultivar with larger crown diameters produced significantly greater early and total marketable yield than transplants with smaller crown diameters. Regression analysis of yield components against initial crown diameter revealed a positive relationship between total fruit numbers produced per plant and initial crown size for both cultivars. Total weight of marketable fruit produced per plant was positively associated with initial crown diameter of transplants. Relationships between initial crown diameter and early yield components were not as consistent among the two cultivars tested. Early yield components of ‘Chandler’ were all correlated to initial crown diameter of transplants. The size of the transplant did not influence early yield components of ‘Camarosa’ except for fruit size. There was a significant relationship between the postharvest dry weight of plants and initial crown diameter of transplants.     

园林植物反季节栽植关键技术的探讨

在城市绿化中,如何保持较高的反季节栽植成活率是绿化施工的重点和难点。总结了城市绿化实施反季节栽培的关键措施,从植物材料的选择、起苗技术、栽植技术、栽后养护等技术环节进行了详细阐述,特别是加强栽后当年的管理,对北方地区城市绿化反季节栽植工作具有～定的指导意义。     

用于机械化栽植的西兰花钵苗力学特性试验

为了降低西兰花钵苗机械化栽植过程中的破损率,避免栽植嘴已经运行到栽植位置而钵苗还未滑到栽植嘴的底部而造成移栽失败,该文采用正交试验的方法,以土钵体积(表示穴盘规格)、苗龄和含水率为试验因素,针对栽植过程农艺要求,进行了不同方案下土钵的抗压强度试验和钵苗沿栽植嘴壁面下滑的运动阻力系数测试。通过建立西兰花土钵与栽植嘴壁面碰撞过程接触力学模型,分析得到为避免土钵破损钵苗和栽植嘴碰撞时不同组合允许的最大相对速度。以栽植作业中避免钵苗破损,同时运动阻力不能过大为目标,采用综合评分法,得到适宜机械化栽植的4个土钵体积、苗龄和含水率组合,进而对这4个组合进行模拟田间栽植试验,得到最优的组合:土钵体积为中(穴盘规格为128),苗龄为2~3片真叶,含水率约为63%。该研究为栽植机构的设计提供依据。     

油菜移栽机分苗装置分苗过程与钵苗钵体完整性分析

针对部分分苗装置适应性差、钵体易破损及结构复杂的问题,提出一种输送带式钵苗分苗装置,构建了分苗过程中送苗与分苗阶段的运动学模型,开展了不同挤压方式下的钵体完整性试验,分析得出了输送平稳、钵体完整的条件。结果表明:钵苗在特定基质成份及含水率前提下钵体上边缘最小屈服力为6.8 N,钵体上边缘及侧面受重复挤压力时均有较好的恢复性。钵苗送苗阶段输送平稳性与摩擦系数关系较大,完整性与钵苗自身的屈服力和挤压力有关;钵体在分苗阶段满足完整性前提下,夹持力越大,夹持高度越低,钵苗稳定性越好。分苗合页的动摩擦系数μ1≤0.3375,输送带的动摩擦系数μ2满足0.5μ1μ2≤0.3375,钵苗抗挤压破损力大于1.99 N时,油菜钵苗在送苗阶段可平稳输送且保持完整。该研究为油菜钵苗移栽机结构改进提供了参考。     

水稻超产二号优质品种栽培技术试验研究

通过对超产二号优质品种不同肥料种类和数量、不同插秧密度与产量等性状的两年回归试验分析得出,超产二号属于高产优质品种。从产量方程来看,平均产量应为8797.8kg/hm2。对超产二号产量影响最大的栽培因素为施磷量,每公顷113.4～129.1kg,其次是施氮量,每公顷以139.2～143.4kg为宜,施钾肥作用较小,每公顷67.1～84.3kg,插秧方式以30cm×(13.8～15.8)cm产量较高。单因素效应分析,产量与4个栽培因素之间均呈二次曲线关系。