青藏高原样带高寒生态系统土壤有机碳分布及其影响因子

沿青藏公路,以跨越山地荒漠、高寒草甸-草原和山地灌丛-针叶林等地带的样带为研究区域,在23个样点采集土样分析土壤有机碳(SOC)分布及其影响因子.结果表明,在样带水平方向,不同植被下整个剖面的SOC含量从高到低依次是森林＞灌丛＞草甸＞草原＞荒漠;在垂直方向上,森林、灌丛和草甸植被0～10 cm土层SOC含量、草原植被20 cm以上土层SOC含量皆显著高于其下各层,荒漠植被各土层SOC含量分布均一.灰色关联度分析表明;降水是影响样带内SOC分布的主导气候因子,随样带内水热条件的改善,降水对SOC分布的影响逐渐降低;降水和土壤粘粒对表层SOC分布的影响较大,土壤粉粒和砂粒对底层SOC分布影响明显.土壤容重和pH对SOC沿剖面分布的影响逐渐降低;植被生物量是影响不同植被下SOC分布的重要生物因子.     

东北典型黑土区坡面土壤速效磷空间分布规律

土壤速效磷是反映土壤供磷水平的重要指标,也是磷环境风险评价的重要参数,研究其空间分布规律可为农田合理施肥和生态环境治理提供依据。研究利用多条典型样带系统地揭示了典型黑土区0—60cm剖面土壤速效磷水平和垂直方向分布规律。结果表明:研究区土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)含量为0.57~50.01mg/kg,耕层(0—20cm)速效磷为10~40mg/kg,位于充足水平以上。垂直方向上,土壤速效磷从表土层0—20cm处向深土层50—60cm处减小。施肥降低了表土层速效磷的变异程度,侵蚀和沉积增加了深土层的变异程度(20—50cm)。水平方向上,土壤速效磷总体沿坡向向下呈下降趋势,侵蚀和沉积同时降低了坡背和坡底土壤速效磷的含量。     

Spatial pattern dynamics of oak mortality and associated disease symptoms in a California hardwood forest affected by sudden oak death

Sudden oak death is a disease affecting coastal forests in California and southern Oregon. The spatial pattern of disease dynamics is important for forest and landscape pathology; in this work we investigated the interaction across landscape scales of disease symptomology in coast live oaks, Quercus agrifolia, (trunk bleeding, presence of beetles, and presence of the fungus Hypoxylon thouarsianum) and tree mortality through time. We used two-dimensional spatial analysis tools with data gathered in point-centered-quarter format in 2001 and 2004 to quantify the population density of the disease through time; to examine the spatial pattern of tree mortality across scales through time; and to examine the spatial co-occurrence of disease symptoms with crown mortality through time. Early in the study period dead trees were strongly clustered at smaller scales (~300 m) and after three years this clustering was less pronounced. Bleeding on trees occurred in clusters away from dead trees, particularly in 2004, likely indicating a new cohort of infected trees. The presence of H. thouarsianum was strongly related to overstory mortality through time. Beetle-infested trees co-occurred with mortality in 2001. By 2004, they occurred throughout the forest, and were less strongly correlated with overstory tree mortality, suggesting a future peak of tree mortality.     

德宏州古茶树资源调查及保护发展建议

采用样带调查法和地理信息技术从面积、株数、茶种、分布海拔、土壤环境和权属等方面对德宏州古茶树资源进行了现地调查,摸清了其现状和特点,提出了开发利用建议和保护措施,为下一步研究利用和保护发展古茶树资源提供参考.     

青藏铁路唐古拉山南段沿线植被多样性及盖度特征分析

通过以铁路线为样带中心点,对青藏铁路唐古拉山南段沿线垂直于铁路两侧系统设置植被调查样带、样地、样方,重点调查铁路沿线原生植被物种组成、高度、盖度、株丛数等,着重分析了不同样带植被物种丰富度、植被盖度、物种共有度沿纬度方向的空间变化特征,为铁路生态安全体系建设和植被生态修复提供重要参考。结果表明:①1 m×1 m样方平均物种数多在9～12种之间,丰富度相对较低;20 m×20 m样地平均物种17～26种。各样带总的物种丰富度在47～59种之间;植被物种丰富度纬度方向距离差异不明显;样方、样地、样带小尺度的变化对物种丰富度会产生很大影响。②青藏铁路南段总体植被覆盖度高,植被覆盖率80%以上的占1/2强;因受局部环境条件的影响,其植被覆盖度也存在一定差异。③应用Jaccard指数对沿线各植被样带物种共有度进行分析,结果表明,随着样带纬度方向间距的增大,物种共有度指数值呈逐渐减小的趋势,相邻样带的物种共有度最大,物种纬度方向逐渐替代的规律明显。      

Soil Moisture Variations with Land Use along the Precipitation Gradient in the North–South Transect of the Loess Plateau

Knowledge of soil moisture spatial variation with land use along the precipitation gradient is necessary to improve land management and guide restoration practice in the water‐limited Chinese Loess Plateau. This study selected 45 sampling points at 11 sites across the north–south transect of the Loess Plateau based on the precipitation gradient and land use. Results showed that the vertical profiles of soil moisture revealed large variations with the precipitation gradient changing, especially in the surface layer (0–100 cm). Significant linear correlation existed between the average soil moisture of the profile and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) for each land use type (p < 0·05). Hereinto, the soil moisture under the grassland was affected more greatly by precipitation. The soil moisture under each land use commonly revealed the trend as farmland > grassland > shrubland > woodland, while it might be higher under the woodland than the shrubland in the surface layer in regions with MAP <500 mm. The soil moisture of woodland or shrubland at the selected points was below or approximate to the permanent wilting point in regions with MAP <520 mm. Covariance analysis confirmed the effects of land use and MAP on the soil moisture in depth of 100–300 cm, and it showed land use did not pose significant effects in the surface layer. In addition, our study indicated that it is necessary to reconsider and re‐evaluate the current vegetation restoration strategy in the perspective of vegetation sustainability and soil water availability, in which woodland and shrubland were selected on a large scale in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金坛市土地生态质量的城乡梯度规律研究

金坛市作为长三角经济发达地区的典型地区,快速城镇化背景下其土地生态状况具有代表性。从基础、胁迫、结构、效益4个角度构建土地生态指数指标体系,以行政村为评价单元计算4个准则层分值和土地生态指数综合分值,在此基础上假设金坛市土地生态质量分布具有城乡梯度的规律。通过热点和梯度分析验证表明:（1）土地生态指数热点空间分异特征符合城乡梯度规律,城镇化是导致该规律的重要原因;（2）土地生态指数沿着金坛市“城镇—城乡结合部—近郊—远郊”环形梯度分布,总体上土地生态指数不断升高,沿城镇中心向外每增加2 400 m,土地生态指数提高1.6%;（3）城镇中心土地生态质量状况处于最低值,且城镇所在地土地生态质量比正常状态差,更精细地表明城镇化对土地生态质量的不良影响;区域土地生态结构是影响金坛市土地生态综合指数波动的最大因素。（4）该文对土地生态指数空间分异规律作了深入探究,对土地生态指数空间分异的驱动力分析和主控因子识别将在进一步研究中进行探索。该研究可引导政府在城镇化进程中实施改善土地生态质量的政策。     

青藏高原草地地下生物量与环境因子的关系

青藏高原草地生物量大部分分布于地下,地下生物量在其碳循环研究中起着重要的作用.基于大规模野外样地调查数据,分析比较了青藏高原南北和东西样带上草地地下生物量与环境因子的相关关系,探讨了环境因子对地下生物量控制作用的区域差异.研究结果表明:对于所有采样点而言,青藏高原草地地下生物量的环境控制因素主要有土壤含水量、表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量.通过比较南北和东西样带研究结果发现,草地地下生物量与土壤含水量、土壤表层有机碳和全氮含量相关的显著性水平,在东西样带上明显高于南北样带.同时,东西样带上草地地下生物量与降水量有显著正相关关系,这种关系在南北样带上不显著,表明水分对东西样带草地地下生物量的控制作用较强.气温与南北样带草地地下生物量呈显著负相关,但与东西样带草地地下生物量相关不显著,由此说明环境因子对青藏高原草地地下生物量的控制存在显著区域差异.     

内蒙古额济纳旗繁殖期鸟类群落与生态分布

2016年至2018年的5月和6月,采用样线法和样点法对额济纳旗的鸟类种类、数量和分布进行了多次调查.本项调查中共记录到繁殖期鸟类63种,隶属于18目30科,其中留鸟13种,夏候鸟42种,旅鸟8种.在繁殖鸟类中,古北界的鸟类有37种,占58.7％,鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征.文中对该地区不同生境鸟类群结构及其之间的关...     

Cost-effective abundance estimation of rare animals: Testing performance of small-boat surveys for killer whales in British Columbia

Top predators are often rare, subject to anthropogenic mortality, and possess life-history traits that make them inherently vulnerable to extinction. IUCN criteria recognise populations as Critically Endangered when abundance is <250 mature individuals, but estimating abundance of rare species can be more challenging than for common ones. Cost-effective methods are needed to provide robust abundance estimates. In marine environments, small boats are more widely accessible than large ships for researchers conducting sightings surveys with limited funds, but studies are needed into efficacy of small-boat surveys. This study compares line transect and mark-recapture estimates from small-boat surveys in summer 2004 and 2005 for ‘northern resident’ killer whales in British Columbia to true population size, known from censuses conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The line transect estimate of 195 animals (95% CI 27-559) used model averaging to incorporate uncertainty in the detection function, while the mark-recapture estimate of 239 animals (CI 154-370) used a simple two-sample Chapman estimator. Both methods produced estimates close to the true population size, which numbered 219 animals in 2004 and 235 in 2006, but both suffered from the small sample sizes and violations of some model assumptions that will vex most pilot studies of rare species. Initial abundance estimates from relatively low-cost surveys can be thought of as hypotheses to be tested as new data are collected. For species of conservation concern, any cost-effective attempt to estimate absolute abundance will assist status assessments, as long as estimates are presented with appropriate caveats.