基于样带观测理念的森林生态站构建和布局模式

全球变化样带研究是IGBP的研究热点.生态系统定位研究站是进行样带研究的基础和依托.本文从样带理念出发,在国内首次将长江流域25°～35° N范围定义为中国南部东西样带(WETSC),并探讨了中国南部东西样带(WETSC)范围内森林生态站的构建和布局模式;同时引进国外定位研究中先进的从Station到Site的理论,在江西省赣江流域提出了从南亚热带向中亚热带过渡区到中亚热带向北亚热带过渡区的九连山-井冈山-大岗山-庐山小样带;在新疆维吾尔族自治区北部提出了从北向南建立阿尔泰山-额尔齐斯河-准噶尔盆地-天山小样带;同时从大城市群生态系统服务功能出发,在广东省珠江三角洲内提出了广州-番禺-中山-珠海-澳门和广州-东莞-深圳-香港的三角形小样带.     

Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: a comparative evaluation

Rapid faunal assessments can use different methods depending on environmental conditions and costs. To compare the efficiency of three methods in detecting species richness and abundance, we tested them in the grasslands of Emas National Park, central Brazil. Track census was the most effective method for detecting richness, followed by camera-trapping and direct faunal counts. Track census reached an asymptote for number of species after only 12 days, but all methods converged on similar estimates of species richness after around 30 days. There was no significant spatial correlation for species richness or total abundance, between camera trap and tracks, across the 29 samples distributed in the park. However, for some species, abundance showed significant spatial correlation between methods. Also, these rates were significantly correlated across species and the spatial correlation between methods was significantly associated with log-transformed body mass across species. We conclude that, despite the high initial costs for camera-trapping, this method is the most appropriate for mammal inventory in all environmental conditions, allowing a rapid assessment of wildlife conservation status.     

黑龙江凤凰山国家级自然保护区野猪冬季容纳量及最适种群密度

近年黑龙江省凤凰山国家级自然保护区野猪数量不断增长,人猪冲突加剧,保护区资源保护管理工作面临较大管理压力.为确定野猪种群的实际数量,同时评估该保护区的野猪的容纳量水平,以便为保护区管理局针对野猪的管理提供相关指导意见.2009-2010年冬季,在保护区采用样带调查、雪地足迹链跟踪和观察食痕的方法,并结合已有野猪生态研究确定野猪食性.野猪主要食物种类包括:木贼(Equisetum hiemale)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)果实松籽、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)果实核桃、蒙古栎(Quecusmongolica)果实橡子、稠李(Padus racemosa)、榛子(Corylus heterophlla)、苔草(Carex spp.)、辽东葱木(Aralia elata).研究期间共布设长3-5km、单侧宽度50m、总长134 km的样带30条.调查中,每隔200 m布设10 m×10 m的大样方,并在每个大样方中央及四角布设1 m×1 m的小样方,共布设大样方350个,小样方1 750个.通过样方调查,统计野猪栖息生境当年可食植物枝条及其食物种类,然后计算其食物的总供给量,再结合食物营养成分,通过粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪的能量转换,按照每克粗蛋白和粗纤维的能量转换系数为16.74kJ、每克粗脂肪的能量转换系数为37.66 kJ,确定野外生境食物总能量供给.结合野猪冬季日营养需求,以能量为基础估算保护区野猪的营养容纳量.在种群密度调查过程中,通过足迹链判断个体方法为:单一清晰足迹链确定为一个体所留,30m内多条足迹穿越同一样带被认为是一个野猪群所留,调查中根据个体分开时的足迹链数确定野猪个体数,同时将粪便、卧迹、啃食痕迹作为个体判断的辅助信息.研究结果表明:凤凰山保护区内能够提供的总能量为7.375 ×107MJ,冬季平均每头野猪生存所需能量为(14 677.698±409.92) MJ,野猪营养容纳量为(1 006±28)头,种群密度为(3.79±0.11)头/km2.此外,调查中发现30余个野猪套及2头野猪被猎杀现场,反应出当地的人猪冲突较为严重.结合调查中发现的野猪套数量及野猪被猎杀概率,对野猪种群数量引入20％的死亡风险系数.最终确定凤凰山野猪种群的最适数量在(603±17)头左右,最适密度为(2.27±0.06)头/km2.通过样带法调查得出凤凰山自然保护区实际野猪种群数量为(596±155)头,密度(2.24±0.58)头/km2,已趋近营养容纳量.因此,野猪并未过量,不能采取狩猎等降低种群数量的措施,同时保护区也应对野猪种群进行持续监控,防止野猪种群过度繁殖以至成灾.     

ESTIMATING DENSITY AND POPULATION SIZE OF TIBETAN SNOWCOCK IN TIBET

PREFACETibetansnowcock(Tetragallustibetanus)isakindofplateaubird,whichlivesinhighestlandamongseveralpheas-antsintheworld.ThesnowcockismainlydistributinginTibetanditshabitatstretchesfromeastinQinlingMountainstowestinPamirPlateau.Tibetisavastexpanseofplateauterritorywithe1evationofmorethan4,OOom.TherearemanysnowmountainsinTibet,especial1yinwesternparts.Theriversand1akesspreadovera1lplaces.BecauseofhightopographyfeaturesandtheHimalayasmountainsys-temacrossfromeasttowest,thechimateisveryco…     

照片样线法大豆植被覆盖度测量精度分析

植被覆盖度是单位面积内植被垂直投影面积占总面积的百分比,它是重要的生态学参数,同时也是大豆等农作物的重要农艺参数。理想的覆盖度测量耗时短,工具简单,结果准确,受人为因素影响小。本文以‘黔豆3号’、‘川豆16’和大黑豆等24个品种为研究对象,以照相法测量值作为参考,分析目估法、实地样线法和照片样线法测定大豆植被覆盖度的精度和适用性。结果表明：目估法测量的植被覆盖度误差最大,平均为7.8%,目估误差随株高的增高呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。实地样线法测量精度较高,误差小于3% (2.8%),但耗时最长,每个1 m×1 m样方需用时6.2 min。照片样线法误差小于3%,几乎不需要消耗野外采样时间,室内每个样方照片处理需耗时约3.0 min。相较于目估法,照片样线法具有更高的测量精度,相较于实地样线法,照片样线法能够节省野外采样时间,提高工作效率。因此推荐照片样线法作为大豆和类似植物覆盖度的测量方法,同时两条样线（样线长度合计为2.8 m）即可满足测量误差小于5%的精度要求。未来应进一步探索照片样线法在其他作物覆盖度测量中的适用性。     

内蒙古草地样带地上生物量变化

采用草地植被群落学调查方法,对内蒙古东北－西南草地样带典型区草地地上生物量变化进行了测量、计算和分析。研究表明,1）内蒙古东北―西南草地样带上草地背景点地上生物量在50～80 g·m-2;自东向西,随着区域植被类型由温性草甸草原向温性典型草原和温性荒漠草原演变,背景点草地地上生物量逐渐减小。2）受草地开垦、耕地撂荒、耕地退耕还林还草等土地利用活动的影响,包含全部物种的草地地上生物量与土地利用强度之间没有严格的对应关系;但是,可食牧草地上生物量以及可食牧草比率随土地利用强度的增加而逐步减少。3）在生态系统质量和功能评估中,单纯应用草地地上生物量指标存在很大的局限性,可食牧草地上生物量指标以及可食牧草比率指标在应用中更有意义。     

横断面概化对河道内生态需水计算的不确定性评估 ——以云南昆明海口河为例

河道生态需水是维持河流生态系统健康的水量基础,计算方法的准确性成为影响生态需水的关键因素。湿周法是一种基于流量与湿周关系的水力学模型,在确定两者关系时多采用与实际河道断面有差异的概化断面计算,可能导致生态需水计算的不确定性;评估不同河道断面概化方法的影响,对指导断面概化具有十分重要的意义。基于云南昆明海口河实测大断面资料,采用4种常见断面概化方法计算了生态需水。结果显示:(1)河道横断面概化对湿周法生态需水的计算结果有显著影响,4种断面概化方法得到的河道生态需水差异显著,生态需水结果最大相差88.29倍;(2)与未概化结果相比,三角形概化法得出的生态流量偏差最高,可相差13.65 m^3/s,矩形概化法得出的生态流量偏差最低,最低仅相差0.81 m^3/s;(3)断面概化对生态需水的影响程度还受拐点判别方法的影响,斜率法计算结果均大于曲率法,其中三角形概化方法受拐点判别影响最大,两种方法的估算结果相差11.65 m^3/s,矩形概化不同拐点判别结果仅相差0.08 m^3/s。研究表明,在湿周法计算生态需水的应用中,断面概化方法对结果的影响显著,且不同概化方法的影响程度不同,合理概化断面在湿周法中是可行的,综合考虑了生态流量和湿周合理性,推荐采用矩形对海口河断面进行概化。     

上川岛至海陵岛海域中华白海豚种群特征初探

珠江口中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)种群从伶仃洋一直连续分布至上川岛海域。为探究上川岛以西海域是否也有中华白海豚分布,于2013-2015年采用船基截线法在上川岛至海陵岛海域进行了8个航次的考察。结果显示各个航次均有中华白海豚的目击记录,考察期共目击到78群次(约623头次),部分个体有重复目击记录,证实了该海域常年栖息着一定数量的中华白海豚。海豚的目击分布以下川岛、漭洲岛周围水域,以及东平港至庙湾角近岸水域较为集中。海豚的平均目击率与珠江东部河口(伶仃洋)和珠江西部河口区处于同一水平,海豚聚群规模较大并发现有大于30头的超大规模聚群,整体的年龄组成较为年轻化,表明上川岛至海陵岛海域是中华白海豚的重要栖息地,具有较好的保护潜力。     

贵州红水河沟谷残存季雨林蕨类植物区系初步研究

初步研究表明,贵州红水河沟谷残存季雨林共有蕨类植物178种（含变种和变型）,隶属于30科67属。该区蕨类植物中优势科、属明显,优势科有水龙骨科Polypodiaceae,金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae,卷柏科Selaginellaceae,凤尾蕨科Pteridaceae,蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae,铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae,三叉蕨科Aspidiaceae,鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae,铁线蕨科Adiantaceae;优势属有卷柏属Selaginella,凤尾蕨属Pteris,毛蕨属Cyclosorus,铁线蕨属Adiantun,短肠蕨属Allantadia,铁角蕨属Asplenium,线蕨属Colysis。区系分析结果表明,该区蕨类植物属的地理成分包含世界广布成分、热带成分、热带亚热带成分、亚热带成分、温带成分和东亚成分等6个成分类型,以热带亚热带成分（含26属）为主,频率达44．83％;种的区系成分包含世界广布成分、热带成分、热带亚热带成分、温带成分、东亚成分和中国特有成分等6个成分类型,以热带亚热带成分为主（含103种）,频率达59．54％。聚类分析结果显示,该蕨类区系与深圳南山区蕨类植物区系地理成分的组成最为相似、图1表3参26     

The Characteristics of Plant Communities Along East Eurasian Steppe Transect

The East Eurasian Steppe Transect （EEST） is the ifrst international transect across regions of middle and high latitudes in the eastern Eurasian steppe. The EEST is an ideal platform for researching the response of Eurasian temperate steppe to global change, because of its integrated gradients of temperature and human activities on a large-scale. In this study, basic characteristics of plant communities along the EEST across a latitudinal gradient was analyzed. According to the survey of 58 sampling sites, there are 140 species belonging to 34 families and 94 genera. Of particular note was the ifnding of Astragalus dalaiensis which has disappeared in the grasslands of China. On the whole, Gramineae plants are dominant with Liliaceae plants in the communities signiifcantly decreasing along the latitudinal gradient from south to north. The Shannon-Wiener index and biomass of communities all decreased along the latitudinal gradient with signiifcant negative linear regressions. The SDR2 （summed dominance ratio based on two factors） of dominant plants in the upper layers of communities, such as Stipa and Leymus chinensis, decreased along the latitudinal gradient from south to north. Especially, the SDR2 of L. chinensis decreased signiifcantly. The SDR2 of Cleistogenes squarrosa, Agropyron cristatum in the lower layers of communities and the indicator species for degradation were not affected. Potentilla acaulis was found mainly in the southern and northern areas. Stellera chamaejasme was found just in a few sites in the southern area of the EEST. In communities of Stipa grandis and Stipa krylovii, annual and biennial species are dominant. The ratio of annual and biennial species in the community is signiifcantly related to the latitudinal gradient. Perennial herbaceous plants and shrubs were not affected. According to the principal component analysis （PCA）, with the data from 58＆#215;140 dimensions, the ifrst and second components had the lowest proportion, thus indicating that the species compositions and community structures are homogeneous along the EEST. There is a certain degree of spatial differentiation along the EEST due to degradation’s differences resulting from the different land uses.