以纽约为案例的城市化对落叶阔叶林死地被层重金属含量的影响

本文用长 1 4 0km、宽 2 0km的生态样带研究纽约市“市区 -郊区 -农区”落叶阔叶林死地被层中重金属变化格局 ,从而分析城市化和人类活动对森林地被层的污染关系。DCA结果表明 ,重金属总量城区明显高于效区 ,郊区则明显高于农区。重金属含量与距市中心的距离、城市土地利用率、人口密度、机动车密度、公路密度都有非常显著的相关关系。大气污染是森林地被层中重金属的主要来源。     

Landscape-level interactions between topoedaphic features and nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie

Transects across watersheds with varying fire histories and remotely-sensed data were used to study vegetation-resource interactions in a tallgrass prairie in Kansas. Paired plots (fertilized, control) were established along these transects and sampled for grass and forb biomass during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons. Fertilization resulted in significant production responses in grass and total biomass on the west slopes of the annually burned (ID) and infrequently burned (N4) watersheds for both years (p = 0.05). In 1989, fertilization also produced a significant increase in grass biomass on the west slope of the unburned transect (p = 0.05), however, total production was not significantly increased. East slopes were insensitive to nitrogen additions. Differences in production response along these transects were assessed by testing the interaction between fertilization response and slope position. Significant interactions occurred on both 1D and N4, but only in 1990.Production data for both years were also compared to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from thematic mapper (TM) images for 1989 and 1990. When differences among transects or watersheds were statistically different, a positive relationship between NDVI and biomass was observed. NDVI values accurately reflected the spatial patterns of production along these transects for both years although not necessarily the magnitude.     

Spatial association between northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and potential prey distribution during the wintering period in the northern Sea of Japan

Elucidating the response of marine predators to oceanographic features helps in understanding their foraging strategies and the cause of their spatial overlap and interference with fishery activities. Northern fur seal is a highly pelagic species during the wintering period. In recent years, fur seals have consistently been found distributed near the coast of southwest Hokkaido, Japan. Because interference by fur seals with coastal fishery activities has become a serious concern, an understanding is sought as to why fur seals come ashore in this area. We conducted ship‐based observations and estimated fur seal density. To elucidate the spatial and seasonal association of fur seal distribution and ocean environments, we constructed statistical models to describe how potential prey distribution and oceanographic features influenced the fur seal spatial distribution during the wintering period. Fur seal distribution corresponded markedly to potential prey distribution, and they tended to aggregate along the narrow continental shelf that is the main geographic feature of this area, which is 2000 m deep and approximately 10 km from the coast. Walleye pollock [Gadus chαlcogrαmmα (Theragra chαlcogrαmmα)] and arabesque greenling (Pleurogrammus azonus), which are one of the main prey for fur seals, move to the shallow area to spawn on the continental shelf seasonally, so potential prey abundance could be higher in coastal areas than offshore. Moreover, the absence of a mesopelagic biotic community may be one of the main factors in the coastal distribution of the fur seal.     

Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau transect, China

The undisturbed regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway crossing the natural zones of montane desert, alpine meadow-steppe, and montane shrub-coniferous forest were chosen as the study areas. Soil samples were collected at 23 sites and the relations between the influencing factors and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) content were studied. The results indicated that the order of SOC content for the whole soil profile with different vegetations and in the horizontal direction was shown as below: forest>shrub>meadow>steppe>desert. All the SOC contents of the top 10 cm soil layers of forest, shrub and meadow vegetations, as well as that of the top 20 cm soil layers in steppe, in the vertical direction, were higher than those of corresponding lower soil layers. However, the SOC content in the desert soil was in accordance. The grey correlative analysis between the climatic factors and SOC content in the top soil show that precipitation was the dominant climatic factor affecting the distribution of SOC in the Tibetan Plateau transect. The influence of precipitation on the horizontal distribution of SOC decreased with the increase of precipitation in the horizontal direction. The vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile was greatly affected by precipitation or the soil clay content in top soil layers, and was clearly influenced by soil silt content or sand content in lower soil layers, as well. The influences of both soil bulk density and soil pH on the vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile gradually declined. The plant biomass was the most important biotic factors affecting the distribution of the SOC. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 2007, 33(4): 443–449 [译自: 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)]     

Plant species diversity of wetland ecosystem in an arid and semi-arid region in northwest China

In order to study the changes of plant species diversity along the biotope gradient and its influencing factors in a wetland-arid grassland ecosystem in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China, four transect lines were set along the biotope gradient in four directions: east, northeast, west and northwest, and altogether 123 sample plots were investigated on species composition, density, foliage cover, height and biomass (calculated in fresh weight). The whole study area was divided into the wetland zone, the ecotone and the arid grassland zone in terms of habitat characteristics and vegetation types. In this paper, we analyzed and compared the species diversity in the ecotone of a wetland-dry grassland ecosystem in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, with the help of biodiversity software BioDiversity Pro and statistical software Microcal Origin, as well as the combined measurement of species diversity indices. The results revealed distinct differences between those three vegetation zones along each transect line. The ecotone had the highest richness indices (R) and comprehensive diversity indices (Y), reflecting the edge effect. The greatest evenness indices (E) were found in the arid grassland zones. This result agreed with the phenomenon of desertification reversion, vegetation restoration and dominant communities’ formation. As for the four transect lines, the east and the northeast scored higher in each diversity index than the others due to less human disturbance, gentler topography uplift and more intercepted materials and energies. The highest Simpson index value was found in the northeast transect line, which was 39.9% higher than the lowest in the Northwest. Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(5): 12–17 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

河北典型样带土地利用生态安全格局研究

"河北雄安新区规划纲要"全文发布,提到要坚持生态保护优先,打造以"太行山脉—渤海湾"与"京南生态绿楔-拒马河-白洋淀"生态廊道,形成连山通海、南北交融的区域生态安全格局。鉴于此,本文参照陆地样带选取原则和依据,布设河北省典型样带,并利用MCR(minimum cumulative resistance)模型,以样带的林地、草地和湿地作为生态源地,人工表面作为城镇扩张源地,从土地内在属性和外在属性两方面,选取高程、土地景观类型、土壤类型、生态敏感性和生态系统服务价值等5方面指标,研究该样带土地利用生态安全格局。研究结果表明:河北省典型样带划定成:生态核心区、生态缓冲区、生态过渡区、生态可占区和生态治理区5个生态安全区。生态源地和城镇扩张源地空间格局分布具有明显的界限,均呈集中连片分布,但生态连通性较弱。生态核心区面积最小,为1 082.42km2,该样带自然保护区核心地带均位于样带的西北部;生态缓冲区面积最大,为6 943.63km2,位于样带的西北部和东部沿海,是连接上、中、下游的媒介,应在保护的基础上合理利用。生态过渡区面积为3 189.25 km2,是今后作为城乡建设后备用地开发建设重点区域,应合理规划;生态可占区分布在生态过渡区和生态治理区的过度地带,是目前城镇建设和经济发展的主要区域,面积为5 835.34 km2;生态治理区面积为1 710.70 km2,主要是生态脆弱区,也是未来进行生态恢复、生态产业发展的重点地区;以上3区交错分布于中部和东南部。综上,生态核心区和生态缓冲区应大规模植树造林;生态过渡区应严格控制向生态用地扩张;生态可占区应根据城市人口、经济等需求进行因地制宜开发;生态治理区应实施退耕还淀恢复淀泊水面,严守土壤环境安全底线,优化生态安全屏障体系。     

Enzyme activities along a climatic transect in the Judean Desert

Soil enzymes have an important influence on nutrient cycling. We examined spatial and temporal patterns in dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, and their relationships with organic carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen at three sites in Israel representing different climatic regions: Mediterranean (humid), mildly arid and arid. The sites were selected along a climatic transect from the Judean Mountains in the west to the Dead Sea in the east of Israel. With increasing aridity, soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and different pools of arylsulfatase activities decreased significantly. A sharp change in enzyme activities existed between 260- and 120-mm mean annual rainfall. The arylsulfatase activity of the microbial biomass in the 0–2- and 5–10-cm soil layers usually accounted for more than 50% of the total activity, and the fraction of total activity in the 0–2-cm soil layer of the arid sites was significantly greater than that of the humid site. Dehydrogenase and total and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities were sensitive indicators of the climatic change along the transect. At the humid and mildly arid sites, the activities of dehydrogenase were less in the winter than in the summer and spring, whereas total and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities were less in both summer and winter. At the arid site, lower values were observed in the summer at 0–2-cm soil depth. At all sites, lower alkaline phosphatase activities at 0–2 cm were observed in the summer, but there were no significant seasonal differences in acid phosphatase activities. These different seasonal patterns of enzyme activities are attributed to the enzyme source, and specific seasonal soil moisture and temperature conditions at the studied sites. The low dehydrogenase and microbial biomass arylsulfatase activities in the winter at the humid and mildly arid sites are explained by the cold and wet soil conditions, and the low enzyme activity in the summer at the arid site is attributed to the dry and hot soil conditions.     

杆式角规器测树原理分析

角规是森林资源调查中使用的重要工具之一，因其调查法操作简单，工作效率高，所以被广泛应用。本研究在严密证明角规测树原理的基础上，分析了杆式角规的设计误差，并提出修正方法，使角规原理与工具设计相统一，进一步完善了角规测树体系。     

Multi-scale spatial relationships between soil total nitrogen and influencing factors in a basin landscape based on multivariate empirical mode decomposition

The relationships between soil total nitrogen(STN) and influencing factors are scale-dependent. The objective of this study was to identify the multi-scale spatial relationships of STN with selected environmental factors(elevation, slope and topographic wetness index), intrinsic soil factors(soil bulk density, sand content, silt content, and clay content) and combined environmental factors(including the first two principal components(PC1 and PC2) of the Vis-NIR soil spectra) along three sampling transects located at the upstream, midstream and downstream of Taiyuan Basin on the Chinese Loess Plateau. We separated the multivariate data series of STN and influencing factors at each transect into six intrinsic mode functions(IMFs) and one residue by multivariate empirical mode decomposition(MEMD). Meanwhile, we obtained the predicted equations of STN based on MEMD by stepwise multiple linear regression(SMLR). The results indicated that the dominant scales of explained variance in STN were at scale 995 m for transect 1, at scales 956 and 8852 m for transect 2, and at scales 972, 5716 and 12,317 m for transect 3. Multi-scale correlation coefficients between STN and influencing factors were less significant in transect 3 than in transects 1 and 2. The goodness of fit root mean square error(RMSE), normalized root mean square error(NRMSE), and coefficient of determination(R2) indicated that the prediction of STN at the sampling scale by summing all of the predicted IMFs and residue was more accurate than that by SMLR directly. Therefore, the multi-scale method of MEMD has a good potential in characterizing the multi-scale spatial relationships between STN and influencing factors at the basin landscape scale.     

中国南北样带上栲属树种叶功能性状与环境因子的关系

以南北样带上9种主要栲属树种为研究对象,分析了栲属树种的主要功能性状与环境因子的关系.结果表明:样带上栲属树种的单位面积最大净光合速率与年平均气温成显著负相关(r=-0.413,P＜0.05),与年光合有效辐射呈显著正相关(r=0.457,P＜0.05),与年均降水量相关性不显著.比叶面积与年平均气温和年降水量均成显著的正相关(r=0.418,P＜0.05;r=0.334,P＜0.05).在叶片养分含量方面,栲属树种的叶氮含量、叶磷含量与年平均气温、纬度均无明显的相关性.