玉米脱粒破碎率关键影响因子及其最优预测模型研究

子粒破碎率高是当前中国玉米机械收获子粒的重要限制因素,解析破碎率变化原因,建立其简便预测模型是需要解决的重要问题。本文采集7个玉米品种在3个种植密度下组合的果穗,在不同子粒含水率梯度条件下开展单穗脱粒试验。种植密度在6万～9万株/hm2范围内对子粒破碎率没有影响,品种、子粒的含水率、抗侧压碎力和穿刺强度等的影响均达到统计显著水平。品种对破碎率变化的偏贡献率为12.7%,且品种的偏贡献率子粒含水率的偏贡献率抗侧压碎力的偏贡献率穿刺强度的偏贡献率,种植密度的偏贡献率接近于零。破碎率的最优预测因子是穿刺强度,预测模型:破碎率=10.25×0.990穿刺强度,满足破碎率不高于5%约束的穿刺强度值不得低于60 MPa。研究结果可为玉米破碎率预测、宜机收玉米新品种培育与鉴定、脱粒机具设计与制造提供数据支撑和技术参考。     

水分和盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发相关性状的QTL定位

小麦萌发期对水分和盐胁迫敏感,对该时期水分和盐胁迫下种子萌发性状进行QTL定位具有重要的意义。本研究以小麦“泰农18×临麦6号” RIL群体为材料,以20%PEG-6000溶液和100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液分别模拟水分和盐胁迫环境,对种子萌发期10个性状进行了QTL定位。结果表明,在正常、水分胁迫和盐胁迫3种不同处理下各性状变异较大。相关分析表明,抗旱和耐盐可能是两个独立遗传的性状,胚芽鞘长可以作为节水抗旱的鉴定指标。3种处理下共检测到10个萌发相关性状的103个QTL,其中,17个为相对高频QTL（RHF-QTL）,分布在7条染色体（1A、3A、3B、4B、7A、7B和7D）上,平均贡献率为7.55%~15.97%。这些RHF-QTL形成4个QTL簇（QTL cluster,QC）,分布在3A、7A和7D染色体上。其中,7A染色体上的QC2包括3个RHF-QTLs（ QSdw-7A.1、 QGf-7A.1和 QGi-7A.1）,均与小麦耐盐性相关;7D染色体上的QC3包括2个RHF-QTLs（ QGi-7D.1、 QGdrc-7D.1）,均与小麦节水抗旱性相关。这2个QCs增加效应均来自母本泰农18。本研究获得的RHF-QTLs和QCs,可为小麦萌发期节水抗旱和耐盐分子标记辅助选择提供理论和技术支持。     

Diversity,plant growth-promoting traits,and biocontrol potential of fungal endophytes of Sorghum bicolor

The diversity of fungal endophytes in Sorghum bicolor was investigated in samples collected from 10 different geographical regions of Karnataka state, India. A total of 360 endophytes were isolated from leaf, stem, and root tissues and were assigned to 26 fungal species based on morphology and molecular characterization using ITS sequences. All the endophytes belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The diversity (Shannon H, 2.57; Simpson_1-D, 0.92) and species richness (Margalef's, 4.68; Menhinick, 3.61) were found to be higher for the endophytes isolated from leaf tissues. The species evenness of the endophytic assemblage was strongly influenced by tissue type, followed by geographical location. The biocontrol potential of isolated endophytes was evaluated against economically destructive sorghum grain mould pathogens such as Fusarium thapsinum, Epicoccum sorghinum, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata using the dual culture method. Biocontrol potential was exhibited by 26 endophytic isolates, of which Trichoderma asperellum recorded broad-spectrum activity against target pathogens, followed by E. nigrum and A. longipes. Most (82%) endophytes showed plant growth-promoting traits. Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was observed in 84% of isolates, and phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and cellulase activity was observed in 69%, 23%, and 27% of isolates, respectively. Seeds treated with T. asperellum exhibited a significantly higher seed vigour index (2096), germination percentage (94%), and yield under greenhouse and field conditions. The results were substantiated by the confocal microscopy analysis, which clearly demonstrated the colonization of treated endophyte in root tissues. The present study reveals an ecofriendly approach to explore T. asperellum in sorghum disease management.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

新疆南疆机采棉品种株型结构与产量性状的相关性

【目的】分析不同类型陆地棉品种的株型结构及产量性状,研究高产优质机采棉品种的株型结构与产量结构的特点,为棉花结构育种提供理论参考。【方法】测试不同机采棉品种的株型结构性状及产量结构相关指标,利用差异显著性分析、相关分析等统计方法,研究几种机采棉品种的株型性状、产量结构性状及其相关性特点。【结果】籽棉产量与株高、主茎节间长、果枝数、果节数存在正相关但不显著,与果枝始节高度呈负相关;株高与果枝始节高存在显著正相关,与主茎节间长度呈极显著相关; 17N11株型为塔型结构,其底部主茎叶片保留完整、籽棉产量、株高最高,而17N13主茎叶片数最多,17N5则具有最小的叶片脱落率;在棉花株型结构的共性方面,棉花果枝角度具有由上至下呈增大趋势,而变异能力则呈现与之相反的趋势(上部＞中部＞下部)。棉花主茎叶大小具有由上部至下部减小的趋势,变异能力亦呈现与之相反的趋势(下部＞中部＞上部)。【结论】株型结构具备中、上部果枝夹角较小(上部＜32.0°,中部＜50.0°),主茎叶总面积高于320 cm²,下部主茎叶片脱落率低于20%的机采棉品种产量优势显著,中上部果枝夹角、主茎叶总面积、下部主茎叶片脱落率可作为株型育种后代材料选择依据。     

桃果皮毛长度性状的评价及其与几个主要农艺性状的关系

选择6份不同类型的桃种质,测定其果实发育期果皮毛长度的变化,评价238份桃种质成熟期果实表皮毛长度,探讨其与其他几个主要农艺性状的关系。结果表明,在花后30 d时,果皮毛长度急剧下降,最后呈缓慢下降趋势直至果实成熟。果实成熟期,供试材料果皮毛长度分布在106.3～343.3μm间,平均值为193.9μm,果皮毛最短的种质为‘霞晖2号’,最长的为‘白芒蟠桃’。此外,不同果形、粘/离核、果实成熟期和地理类群种质的果皮毛长度间有明显差异,其中果形可能与果皮毛发育有一定的内在联系。     

灌草立体配置对退化草地土壤水分和养分的影响

【目的】比较灌草立体配置模式下3种不同生境的土壤水分、养分和植物根系相关参数的差异,探究灌草立体配置30年对退化草地土壤水分和养分以及植物根系的影响,为黄土高原水土保持和生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】以位于黄土高原云雾山国家草原自然保护区种植30年的人工柠条和野山桃搭配灌丛带样地为研究对象,采集灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部不同土层的土样和植物根系,比较3种位置下土壤水分、养分含量和植物根系特征的差异,并分析了根长与土壤水分和养分含量的相关性。【结果】在0～80 cm土层,灌丛带内部的土壤含水量明显高于灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部。在0～80 cm土层,随着土层深度增加,灌丛带3个位置土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量均呈下降趋势,而全磷含量变化不明显;在同一土层,灌丛带内部的全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量均明显高于灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部。在灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部3个位置,植物根系生物量呈减小的趋势。从垂直分布来看,灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部0～15 cm土层的植物根系生物量分别占0～40 cm土层植物根系生物量的90.86%,90.79%,92.91%,说明植物根系生物量主要集中分布于0～15 cm土层。3个取样位置中,灌丛带内部植物根长、根表面积和根体积均最大。相关性分析表明,灌丛带植物根长与0～20 cm土层的土壤含水量,0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮、0～80 cm土层碱解氮均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】在黄土高原退化草地上进行灌草立体配置可以促进植物根系生长,提高土壤水分和养分含量,有利于退化草地的恢复。     

薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传分析

为研究薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传规律,利用4份材料做亲本构建4个杂交组合,观察并记录其F 1、F 2植株的性状特征和分离比例。结果显示,紫色柱头相对于白色为显性,各F 2群体植株的柱头颜色分离比皆符合3∶1比例,说明紫色柱头是由1对显性等位基因控制。     

GDFs基因家族候选基因对崇仁麻鸡生长性状的影响

利用崇仁麻鸡差异性状的重测序结果,将生长分化因子(GDFs)基因家族作为候选基因,筛选与崇仁麻鸡生长性状相关的多态位点。结果发现,GDF-2、GDF-8和GDF-10基因的多态位点对崇仁麻鸡的生长性状有着显著或极显著的影响。单倍型分析结果显示,GDF-2和GDF-10基因的单倍型H3H3为劣势单倍型组合可以选择淘汰。研究结果表明,GDFs基因家族候选基因对崇仁麻鸡的生长性状有一定的影响。     

93份叶用枸杞农艺性状分析及综合评价

为客观评价叶用枸杞种质资源多样性和筛选综合性状优异种质,初步筛选出综合性状优异的叶用枸杞新品种。以93份叶用枸杞种质8个农艺性状,利用变异系数、模糊数学隶属函数和聚类分析方法进行分析。变异系数分析显示变异系数范围为5.25%～73.52%,其中变异系数最大的为单株产量, 最小的为叶鲜干比,Shannon多样性指数范围为1.77～5.73,其中Shannon多样性指数最大的为地径,最小的为茎鲜干比;相关性分析显示单株产量与叶面积、叶鲜干比、株高和地茎显著正相关（P ≤0.05）,与叶形指数、茎鲜干比和叶/茎显著负相关（P ≤0.05）;隶属函数分析显示筛选出综合性状优异的叶用枸杞新品种9份,即Z88、Z76、Z100、Z58、Z32、Z54、Z57、Z85和Z69;聚类分析将种质分为五类,第Ⅰ类材料的特征为单株产量最高,株高、地径和叶面积等较大,包含品系Z88和Z76等,第Ⅱ类材料特征为地径最大,株高、叶形指数和叶面积等较大,包含品系Z58和Z32等,第Ⅲ类材料特征为叶面积最大,株高、叶鲜干比等较大,包含品系Z57和Z85等,第Ⅳ类材料特征为叶鲜干比最大,叶形指数和单株产量等较大,第Ⅴ类材料特征为叶/茎最大,叶形指数、茎鲜干比和株高等较大。93份通过杂交获得的叶用枸杞种质资源较为丰富,单株产量、地径、叶面积、叶鲜干比和叶/茎性状是作为评价叶用枸杞种质的重要农艺性状指标,模糊数学隶属函数和聚类分析方法能够准确、可靠地综合评价叶用枸杞种质资源。