毛蚶在不同底质与撒播方式下潜沙行为的观测与分析

为了探究不同底质与撒播方式对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)潜沙行为的影响,在实验室条件下,观察了壳长(10.0±0.9)mm毛蚶的潜沙过程,并研究了沙质(粒径251~500μm)和泥沙质(粒径120μm)两种底质和播散方式(集中和分散)对毛蚶潜沙时间和潜沙率的影响。结果显示,毛蚶潜沙过程分为准备、潜沙及结束3个阶段。在两种底质条件下,集中播撒方式的毛蚶潜沙时间均短于分散播撒方式,但同种底质不同播撒方式下的毛蚶潜沙时间差异不显著(P0.05)。无论是集中播撒还是分散播撒,沙质条件下毛蚶的潜沙时间均短于泥沙质的潜沙时间,并且在分散播撒方式下,两种底质的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);两种底质条件下,毛蚶的潜沙率均表现为集中播撒高于分散播撒。研究表明,与泥沙质底质相比,毛蚶在沙质条件下更易于快速潜底;与分散播散方式相比,集中播撒更利于毛蚶快速潜底。     

Polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activities in Hayward kiwifruit as affected by light exposure,maturity stage and storage time

Softening process and total antioxidant activity were evaluated in kiwifruit differently exposed to light intensity and harvested at two different times (October 10 and November 14). Fruit was stored for 2 months at 0 °C (S1) and then maintained for a week at ambient temperature (S2). The results showed that fruit harvested later presented a faster softening rate during storage than fruit harvested earlier, even if antioxidant activity did not change. Light-exposed fruit showed higher flesh firmness than that of shaded ones. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in kiwifruit maintained for a week at ambient temperature after cool storage and, in particular the highest value was recorded in fruit harvested later. The behaviour of β-galactosidase was different: it did not show changes in fruit harvested later and significantly decreased in light- and shade-exposed fruit harvested earlier.     

Interactions between fishing strategies of Nephrops trawlers in the Bay of Biscay and Norway lobster diel activity patterns

Abstract  Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in the Bay of Biscay exhibited diel activity patterns with more individuals outside their burrows at dawn and dusk, increasing catchability at these times. Data from an on board observer programme on Nephrops trawlers between 2002 and 2005 were used to assess variability in catchability in commercial catches. Catch numbers per haul varied spatially and between months, but no signal for diel variations was found. Fishing strategies developed by the Nephrops trawlers had several components. On a seasonal level, they started around sunrise. On a haul level, haul duration decreased from haul to haul, with the longest hauls taking place at the time of the highest catchability. By-catch of hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), increased more than proportionally with haul duration.     

贵州林火发生时间卫星监测动态分析

根据国家林业局西南卫星林火监测分中心2005~2010年贵州林业卫星监测数据及相关信息的分析,对贵州省林火发生时间进行动态分析,结果表明,2009~2010年持续高温干旱,火灾发生频率较高,1~2月份进入高危火险时间,3~4月进入高峰期。分析结果为有针对性地制定防火规划提供依据。     

吴震东公式简化计算研究

混凝土工程冬季施工主要采用非加热养护方法,这类方法的技术关键是精确的热工计算,而热工计算目前仍广泛应用吴震东理论,按吴震东理论建立的整套公式可以描述混凝土在各咎情况下温度时间变化规律,但由于吴东公式较为复杂,许多学者对简化吴震东公式作了深化入的研究和讨论,据此分析了简化吴震东公式的思路、途径与方法,并评价了各类简化公式和近似公式的优点与不足之处。     

稻草覆盖始期对红壤旱地花生生长及产量形成的影响

探明红壤旱地花生进行稻草覆盖的最佳时期。通过设定播种后1 d（T1）、出苗后10 d（T2）、始花期（T3）、盛花期（T4）、结荚期（T5）开始覆盖稻草5个处理,以全程无覆盖（CK）为对照,研究覆盖时期对花生产量形成及旱地生态的影响。花生出苗前稻草覆盖会显著降低花生的出苗率,降低产量,而出苗后10 d到结荚期进行稻草覆盖均可以有效的抑制杂草发生,保持土壤水分、降低土壤温度,并有利于减缓花生叶片的衰老,增加后期绿叶数,延长花生叶片的功能,促进根瘤生长,有效的提高花生产量。江西红壤旱地花生稻草覆盖可减少杂草的发生、改善土壤温湿条件,有利于产量形成,适宜的覆盖始期为齐苗后10 d左右,过早或过迟进行覆盖,效果均受影响,甚至会减产。     

小麦抽穗至灌浆期蚜虫防治技术研究

为了系统研究小麦大田麦蚜防治技术,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,调查了抽穗至灌浆期麦蚜与天敌的数量动态,研究了阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱和乐果四种农药对麦蚜的防治效果和对天敌的影响以及麦蚜的防治适期.结果表明,天敌量随麦蚜密度的波动而波动,两者关系达极显著水平(r=0.93**);所选四种农药对麦蚜的防治效果均较好,但生物农药阿维菌素和选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉对天敌的杀伤率较低;在抽穗开花期至花后7 d即麦蚜发生初盛期进行一次性施药防治,可获得较好的防治效果;麦田治蚜对灰飞虱有一定兼治作用,但效果不理想.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

低温和诱导时间对小麦小孢子培养的影响

为了优化小麦小孢子培养体系,研究了低温处理花药、幼穗及诱导培养时间对小孢子形态、胚胎发生和植株再生的影响。结果表明,经低温处理后,有活力的小孢子体积增大、形态变化明显,据其液泡大小、数目及其与细胞核位置的关系,可分为4种类型。低温处理可显著提高胚状体数和绿苗数,其中处理花药3 d、幼穗7 d的效果最好,平均每皿的绿苗数分别为59株和57株。胚状体发育速度显著影响绿苗分化能力,小孢子诱导培养28-29 d、直径约2 mm的胚状体数目较少,但绿苗分化率高;诱导培养32-38 d、直径为2 mm的胚状体数目达到了峰值,而绿苗分化率极低。在小麦小孢子培养中,应选择诱导28-29 d、直径2 mm的胚状体进行分化培养。     

耕地空间优化配置研究——以常州市新北区为例

如何通过配置耕地的空间布局,缓解城市建设用地扩张与耕地保护之间的矛盾,是国土资源利用过程中必须重视的问题。研究以常州市新北区为例,首先,从耕地的自然禀赋、质量条件、空间形态、区位条件和规划预测五个方面入手,共选取18个指标因子,构建了耕地资源保护价值评价指标体系;然后,利用S型模糊隶属度函数标准化指标数值,并综合运用灰色关联分析和理想点逼近法,以实际地块为单元,对评价结果进行优劣排序;最后,根据最大相似性原理,将研究区内的耕地分为五级,以预测模拟的目标年份耕地需求量为基准,确定耕地空间上的最优分布位置。研究结果表明,2020年新北区耕地需求量的模拟值为10 679.93hm~2,前四级耕地总量能够满足其要求,故将相应耕地划入最优区域。春江镇和孟河镇分别以其广大的区位优势和优良的耕地质量成为耕地保护的重点区域。