旱地长期培肥土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶动力学及热力学特征研究

研究了连续25年长期培肥试验条件下土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应的动力学和热力学特征,从酶学角度揭示长期培肥的效应。结果表明,长期培肥增加了脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应的Vmax、Vmax/Km和k值;降低了Ea、△G、△H和△S值,说明培肥能提高酶促反应速度、减小活化自由能、加快土壤中物质的生物循环过程。酶促反应动力学参数和热力学参数与土壤性质相关分析表明,酶促反应动力学参数大多依赖于土壤化学性状,基于动力学参数的土壤肥力指标体系可评价土壤肥力水平,且U-Vmax、P-Km、P-Vmax可作为土壤肥力的重要指标。     

Analytical and thermodynamic approaches to the mineralogical and compositional studies on anoxic sediments

Background, Aim and Scope  The identification of certain minerals directly in the raw sediment has proved to be difficult, if not impossible, because of their instability and/or low contents. This explains why the characterization/composition/crystalline nature of multiple (co)precipitates and solid solutions often necessitate the combined use of density separation methods and macro and microanalytical techniques, and in some cases the possible existence of certain mineral solids is only sustained from thermodynamic considerations. In this context, the comparison of porewater concentration profiles with thermodynamic calculations recently proved to be a convenient way of obtaining clues relative to the potential occurrence of natural minerals. Methods  Porewaters and sedimentary-solid phases were extracted from sliced sediment samples collected in the Seine estuary (northern France), and studied as a function of sediment depth. Porewater concentration profiles were determined for Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Sr using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and for dissolved sulfur using square wave, cathodic stripping voltammetry. To obtain information about sediment mineralogy, sedimentary solid phases were analysed directly and after density separation with a heavy liquid (CHBr₃) by means of several techniques: X-ray diffraction; electron spin resonance and micro-Raman spectroscopies. Furthermore, using sequential extraction procedures, the chemical speciation versus depth of several elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn) and particularly sulfur [i.e. acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and chromium reducible sulfurs (CRS)] were undertaken. Results and Discussion.  From these analytical data, some thermodynamic calculations [using ion activity products (LAP)] were attempted for the anoxic porewaters where most of the ionic complexing species were measured to support the involvement of relevant geochemical equilibria between these ions and some metals and the existence of any discrete solid phases (calcite, dolomite, greigite and probably vivianite, apatite and siderite), as well as coprecipitates and solid solutions in calcium carbonate. Conclusions  Thermodynamic equilibria in sedimentary media are rarely achieved because many chemical processes in these systems are established in long periods. Nevertheless, these calculations remain useful to increase our insight into the considered system. They help to support our view about the possible existence of certain minerals (iron sulfides, calcite, dolomite...). They also help account for the real power of ESR for indicating the presence of hypothesised solid solutions, Mn_xCa_1-xC0₃. The critical investigations of the authors, however, reveal some weaknesses of XRD and Raman microscopy for identifying minor minerals/precipitates, which result from combinations between the inorganic anions P0₄ ^3-, C0₃ ^2- and S^2- and the metallic cations Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Sr²⁺.     

一种改进的柴油机冷启动热力参数计算模型

为了提高柴油机冷启动过程中缸内燃气压缩温度的计算精度,确保其能达到着火温度,根据热力学定律,综合考虑柴油机冷启动过程中工质压缩时的泄漏、热量的损失以及余隙容积等参数,对柴油机冷启动热力过程进行了详细的分析和推导,得出了一种具有普遍规律的新的数学模型.模型应用结果表明,随着相对余隙容积的增加,最终压缩温度呈非线性降低的趋势,当实际压缩比为20以及相对余隙容积为0.05时,和不考虑相对余隙容积而仅考虑气体泄漏、热量损失的情况相比,其最终压缩温度差值最大可达到43 ℃.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of River Water Fouling on Constant Wall Temperature Tube of Small Diameter

In order to improve utilization of cold and heat source from river, turbulence theory and entropy generation theory were adopted to analyze the effect of fouling on convective heat transfer performance in small diameter tube of constant wall temperature.It is found that the entropy generation caused by conduction of fouling plays a more important role in total entropy generation of heat transfer process through a duct than that in cveast rate of caused by temperature difference.The entropy generation caused by viscous flow is more than the entropy generation caused by temperature difference in flow with bigger Reynolds and small radius.The increase rate of entropy generation monotonically increase with Reynolds and the generation process of fouling resistance.Thereafter, the effect of fouling resistance on the heat transfer performance of water source heat pump heat exchanger should be paid more attention, when river water are used as the cold and heat source of heat pump.     

提高翅片管式换热器热力性能的方法

对翅片管式换热器结构进行了优化设计和改进,并采用TESCOR平台———换热器性能实验台对改进前后的换热器的热力性能进行了测试。提出了强化翅片管式换热器换热性能的两种方法:一种是将低温工况下易结霜的换热器(蒸发器)翅片管设计成变间距翅片结构,使其既增加了管内翅片的传热面积,又提高了管内气流的流速;另一种是将空调工况下的换热器的等螺距内螺纹管设计成变螺距内螺纹管,以增加管内气流的扰动,提高传热系数。并对用这两种方法改进后的换热器的热力性能进行了计算,结果表明,其传热系数分别提高了9.8%和3.82%。     

农业技术系统信息熵的意义及其应用

在统计力学中 ,信息熵是概率或混乱度的度量。农业技术系统中各种技术要素的随机杂乱分布有碍生产力的提高 ,必须通过技术控制使要素分布集中到概率极小的选择上去 ,这是一个降低系统信息熵的过程 ,随之会伴随系统热力学熵的降低。在信息约定条件下 ,信息熵有评价技术系统整体性质的作用 ,并可用于系统中某些技术要素与其效果相关性的分析 ,因而有指示技术改革方向的意义。信息熵的研究也推动了人们从传统的消耗物质能量的物理农业的概念向信息农业概念的转变     

太行山地形对山西两次锢囚锋暴雪影响的数值试验

为深刻认识太行山地形对降雪的影响,做好降雪天气预报服务,从而适应新型农业种植结构调整,减小降雪天气对农业生产的影响,利用NCEP全球再分析资料和实况探测资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2009年11月10日和2010年3月14日山西省两次锢囚锋暴雪天气进行数值试验,比较分析了太行山地形变化对降雪量级、强度、落区及空间结构特征的影响。结果表明：（1）对于影响系统偏南的暴雪天气,太行山高度适中更能使降雪接近实况,而对于偏北的暴雪天气,则是抬高地形,影响更明显。（2）锢囚锋降雪的不同阶段,太行山地形变化对低层水汽输送的影响差异较大。（3）适当降低太行山高度,使得暴雪区上空高空辐散、低空辐合的垂直结构更明显,中心强度更强,对暴雪的产生更为有利。（4）对于影响系统偏南的暴雪天气,太行山高度降低使得高层干侵入强度增强,造成触发作用加强。     

CeH分子势能函数与热力学性质的理论计算

在Ce原子的相对论有效原子实势近似和H原子6-311++G**全电子基函数下,用密度泛函B3LYP方法计算得到CeH分子基态X2Σ的结构与势能函数、力常数与光谱数据.同时计算得到CeH固态分子在298 K时的标准生成焓变△fH°、标准生成墒变△fS°和标准生成自由能变△fG°分别为-46.90 kJ/mol,-122.76 J/(mol K)和-10.30 kJ/mol.     

车载式热泵干燥装置的试验研究与热力学分析

针对目前我国粮食收获现场没有配套的干燥设备进行跨区域移动作业,导致收获的粮食不能及时干燥而霉烂的问题开发一种车载式热泵干燥装置。该装置采用蒸汽压缩式热泵(热泵工质为R134a)提供热量,卧式多室流化床为干燥室,热泵蒸发器回收流化床前段排气中水蒸气潜热,鼓入环境状态的新风用以回收干燥后物料的显热。整个装置结构紧凑(3.5 m×2.1 m×1.7 m),可固定安装在5 t货车(7.2 m×2.2 m×2.2 m)车斗底盘上,便于拖运以进行跨区域移动作业,同时该装置管道之间增加了柔性连接,具有较强的抗震性能。基于样机试验数据进行热力学分析,结果表明:样机稳定运行时,平均热泵性能系数为3.3,除湿能耗比0.513 kWh/kg,热泵系统平均火用效率49%,测试结果达到设计要求。     

含铈耐热钢凝固过程中的夹杂物行为

建立了稀土耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出与溶质元素微观偏析的耦合热力学模型,并通过工业试验与高温模拟实验验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型,依次考察了铈添加量,初始氧含量,初始硫含量对253MA耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出行为的影响作用规律。在本模型条件下,随着铈添加量的增加,钢中的SiO2与MnS消失,且凝固过程中开始析出CeN;随着初始氧含量的增加,钢中开始析出Ce2O3,SiO2及MnS,其中SiO2与MnS在凝固过程中析出;随着初始硫含量的增加,钢中的Ce2O3消失,钢中开始析出Ce3S4与MnS,在凝固过程中析出的Ce3S4逐渐在液相线温度以上析出。研究工作对于稀土耐热钢连铸水口结瘤问题的解决具有理论指导意义。