一个新的土壤重金属竞争吸附等温模型

A new competitive adsorption isothermal model (CAIM) was developed for the coexistent and competitive binding of heavy metals to the soil surface. This model extended the earlier adsorption isothermal models by considering more than one kind of ion adsorption on the soil surface. It was compared with the Langmuir model using different conditions, and it was found that CAIM, which was suitable for competitive ion adsorption at the soil solid-liquid surface, had more advantages than the Langmuir model. The new competitive adsorption isothermal model was used to fit the data of heavy metal (Zn and Cd) competitive adsorption by a yellow soil at two temperatures. The results showed that CAIM was appropriate for the competitive adsorption of heavy metals on the soil surface at different temperatures. The fitted parameters of CAIM had explicit physical meaning. The model allowed for the calculation of the standard molar Gibbs free energy change, the standard molar enthalpy change, and the standard molar entropy change of the competitive adsorption of the heavy metals, Zn and Cd, by the yellow soil at two temperatures using the thermodynamic equilibrium constants.     

半封闭热泵干燥系统的热力学分析与试验

为实现谷物干燥装置的车载移动功能,必须通过提高设备性能来实现装置小型化,为此,基于前期谷物干燥试验和理论研究,设计出一种半封闭热泵流化床谷物干燥系统。该系统采用蒸汽压缩式热泵(热泵工质为R134a)提供热量,以卧式多室流化床为干燥器,让热泵蒸发器回收流化床前段排气中水蒸气潜热,鼓入环境状态的新风以回收干燥后物料的热量。针对该系统建立了集流化床内的流动、颗粒传热传质、床层干燥过程与热泵系统耦合为一体的综合数学模型。计算表明：干燥室入口空气温度在60～90℃之间变化时,干燥系统的除湿能耗比（SMER）存在一个最大值。开发出了干燥样机。试验表明：干燥过程中,干燥室入口空气温度在64.4～71.7℃间波动,新风比约为30%,平均热泵性能系数 （COP）为3.34,SMER可达1.935 kg/(kW?h)。模型计算与试验结果吻合良好,采用该装置进行谷物干燥节能效果明显。     

An analysis method of thermodynamic cycle for Stirling engine

The second-order analysis approach for the cycle of Stirling engine is amended on the basis of mechanical loss and the temperature check of heater and radiator. Stirling engine is taken as the object, the alternating flow and heat exchange process of GPU-3 Stirling engine is simulated, and the changing rules of its internal pressure, temperature, velocity, power and efficiency are obtained. The simulation results are identical to the test results of NASA. The amended second-order analysis approach is used to analyze the effect of engine’s rotating speed, working substance and average pressure on the engine’s output performance. The error of the amended approach is less than 20%. The approach may be useful for the optimization design and the characteristic analysis of Stirling engine.     

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A HORIZONTAL ANNULUS

A second law analysis is carried out on convective heat transfer through a horizontal annulus with constant heat flux. The entropy generation rate expression is obtained,and the influence of heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and fluid friction on the entropy generation rate is discussed. The optimum geometric parameters of a horfzontal annulus is found for which the entropy generated is minimum. The optimum fluid velocity which corresponds to the optimum geometric parameters is recommended.     

2012年7月腾格里沙漠2次暴雨过程诊断分析

利用降水实况资料、单站地面资料、FY2E云顶亮温和NCEP、ECMWF格点资料,对2012年7月20日(7·20)、29日(7·29)腾格里沙漠发生的2次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明:20:00局地热力环流在抬升、水汽动量辐合等方面为暴雨提供了有利条件,但它们必须得到天气系统的加强和优化,才能触发中尺度对流天气;沙漠的北边界为持续的水汽输入,南、东边界在暴雨前后由输入转为输出,西边界则由输出转输入,水汽源地在南海、孟加拉湾以及高纬地区;2次暴雨过程都在有利的大尺度环流背景和高低层天气系统相互作用下产生,垂直方向上形成抽吸结构;7·29过程前期为强不稳定层结,引发暴雨的中尺度系统是MCC,而7·20过程层结相对较稳定,观测点降水主要由中β尺度对流系统引起,这是7·29过程降雨大于7·20过程的原因.     

几种土壤K-Ca交换特征及热力学函数的研究

应用平衡方法对黄褐土、塿土、黑垆土的K-G交换特征及热力学函数进行了初步研究,结果表明:黄褐土对K~+的亲和力相对较小;塿土、黑垆土对K~+的相对亲和力较强,且其交换等温线分别在X_k~l等于0.46和0.41处出现拐点,说明其粘粒表面存在着两种对K~+结合能不同的吸附位。3种土壤对K~+的选择性为:塿土≥黑垆土>黄褐土,选择系数变化的总趋势是随固相吸附K~+的摩尔分数增加而减小,随温度的升高而下降。3种土壤K-Ca交换的热力学函数△G°、△H°和 △S°均为负值,表明3种土壤对K~+均有一定的亲和力,交换反应为放热过程。从△G°、△H°和△S°的绝对值大小来看,3种土壤对K~+的偏好和结合的稳定程度为:塿土>黑垆土>黄褐土,这与其对K~±的选择性结论一致。     

Adsorption of emerging sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) onto soils: Kinetics, isotherms and mechanisms

The widespread use of sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate(OBS), a typical alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate, has resulted in potential threats to the environment, but the adsorption behavior of OBS in soils has not yet been reported. In this study, the adsorption behaviors of OBS on five soils with different physicochemical properties were investigated. The rate of OBS adsorption was fast, and most of the OBS uptake was completed within 12 h. The good model fit of OBS adsorption to the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models indicated the occurrence of chemical adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of OBS on the soils were better described by the Freundlich model than by the Langmuir model, suggesting that the OBS adsorption sites on the soils were heterogeneous. This is possibly associated with various adsorption mechanisms including hydrophobic, π-π, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions,further confirmed by the good model fit to the D-R isotherm. Adsorption of OBS occurred on the soils, and the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. In addition, the soils were more suitable for OBS adsorption at lower pH values due to the stronger electrostatic adsorption. The OBS adsorption on the soils decreased with the increase of soil depth from 0 to 30 cm. Moreover, the presence of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in the soils was favorable for OBS adsorption, and these parameters decreased with increasing soil depth, making OBS adsorption less prominent in the deeper soil. This study indicates that OBS is easily enriched in surface soils, and that soil organic matter and ammonia nitrogen significantly affect OBS migration in soil.     

FRW阻燃胶合板的DMA分析

目前世界范围内木材资源短缺的情况日益加剧,发展人造板工业已成为世界各国解决木材资源严重不足的重要途径.其中,胶合板作为室内装饰的主要材料,其产量和需求量都在急剧增长.我国胶合板产量从1980年的33.00万m3增长到2004年的2 098.62万m3,呈现大幅度增长的趋势(张文标等,2000).但由于普通胶合板具有易燃性,在许多领域的应用上受到限制.因为一旦发生火灾,不仅造成重大的经济损失,而且往往会发生人员伤亡.1950-2003年全国共发生火灾4 177 730起,直接经济损失2 434.525 1亿元,因火灾死亡174 855人,受伤329 352人.     

有机修饰改性对旱地土壤吸附镉离子特性的影响

研究了以不同比例十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)单一修饰和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 十二烷基磺酸钠(CTMAB SDS)混合修饰土娄土耕层对重金属镉离子吸附的影响,结果表明:吸附量顺序为耕层原土>50%CTMAB>100%CTMAB 20%SDS>100%CTMAB,温度升高,吸附量上升;最佳吸附等温线模型可以用BET模型描述,热力学参数的研究表明,吸附自发性与吸附量具有相同的变化规律,反应的焓变与熵变共同决定了反应的自发性。从热力学角度对修饰改性土娄土对Cd2 吸附的机理进行了探讨。     

煤焦油瓷漆加热搅拌釜的热力计算

煤焦油瓷漆加热搅拌釜是一种煤焦油瓷漆生产及现场涂层作业的加热装置，以往的煤焦油瓷漆加热方式以直接加热为主，其缺点是热效率低、污染严重，不能很好地适应生产要求。以热煤为载体的间接加热釜，也存在缺点，如搅拌效率低、物料混合不充分、耗能大、热媒与煤焦油瓷漆的总换热系数低、加热时间长等。为此，从煤焦油瓷漆和热媒的物理化学性质出发，利用热力学知识，计算了釜内热交换过程中的雷诺数Ｒｅ、普朗特数Ｐｒ和努谢尔特数