山东冬季气温变化的气候特征和分型

选用山东省80个代表站1961～2005年12、1、2月平均气温资料,利用统计学方法,探讨冬季气温的分布类型和变化特征。结果显示,气温变化存在3种基本空间分布类型,其中总体一致性暖(冷)型是主要分布类型,概率高于80%,其中严重/异常偏暖年份都发生在20世纪90年代以后,严重/异常偏冷年份则发生在80年代中期之前。另外两种类型东暖(冷)西暖(冷)型、南暖(冷)北暖(冷)型也偶有出现,但未达到异常标准。冬季及各月标准化气温第1主成分年际变化线性增温趋势显著,在不同年代存在2～6a的准周期变化。     

低温对连州菜心采后贮藏品质的影响

以连州菜心为研究对象,分别于2、4、6℃和常温（25℃）条件下贮藏,用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）技术和质构仪测定等方法,分别测定了菜心总含水量和硬度等指标,分析了不同温度下菜心水分及质构的变化。结果表明：在4种温度条件下,常温组的菜心品质整体显著低于其他3组（P<0.05）,贮藏期在6 d以内,2、4和6℃组之间无显著差异性（P<0.05）,均可以较好地维持菜心的品质,保持较高的含水量,降低失重率和呼吸强度,保持较高的硬度和可溶性固形物含量,延缓色泽变化和叶绿素降低。但贮藏时间大于6 d时,6℃组的菜心品质显著低于2℃和4℃组（P<0.05）,2℃和4℃组间无显著性差异。基于品质、能耗和成本综合考虑,对于贮藏6 d以内的菜心可以选择6℃贮藏,而对于贮藏时间大于6 d的菜心可选择4℃贮藏为宜。     

Effects of temperature and humidity on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces

The effects of external factors such as temperature, humidity, pesticide formulation, and pesticide concentration on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces were analyzed. The experiments showed that there were significant differences in the contact angles of droplets on the leaf surfaces under different temperatures and humidity. As the ambient temperature increased, the contact angle first decreased and then increased, reaching a minimum value at 25°C. With a gradual increase in humidity, the contact angle significantly increased and reached a maximum at 100% humidity. Finally, it was concluded that both the formulation and concentration of the pesticide had a significant effect on the contact angle of droplets on rice leaf surfaces. The experiments also illustrated that the effects of the pesticide formulation and concentration on the contact angle were more significant than those of temperature and humidity.     

利用微机对温室培育温度进行控制的研究

随着社会的发展和农业的进步,人们在各个季节都能吃上新鲜的蔬菜和水果.单片机和微型计算机在农业的发展中也起到了非常重要的作用.为此,以MCS51单片机温度控制系统对果蔬的培育环境进行温度控制为例,结合国内外先进温度控制系统的设计,对整个温控系统设计的硬件进行了阐述,说明了具体的调试步骤.     

新型家庭常温酸奶发酵剂

区别于一般酸奶发酵剂中的保加利亚乳杆菌和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种,利用德氏乳杆菌乳亚种AZ19型、棉子糖乳球菌SE1-2型,在风味、活菌数量、酸度变化等方面作初步探讨,制作出德氏乳杆菌乳亚种:棉子糖乳球菌:唾液链球菌的比例为1:4:4的1种新型在常温即可发酵,具有一般酸奶活菌数高,口味柔和,风味纯等特点的混合发酵剂,此发酵剂适合日常家庭酸奶制作。     

春季阶段性增温对小麦抗晚霜冻性和产量的影响

为揭示气候变暖下春季升温对小麦抗晚霜冻及产量的影响,在田间条件下,以黄淮海北片广适主栽小麦品种济麦22和山农28为试验材料,在返青-拔节期以塑料温棚日均增温0.86～0.9℃,连续增温28 d左右,至穗分化为药隔期前揭棚,研究不同气候年型下小麦产量对晚霜冻的响应,并以小麦叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、相对...     

五道沟地区1971—2020年地温月尺度变化及其对气温的响应

【目的】研究五道沟地区1971—2020年0～320 cm土层月平均地温变化及其对气温的响应。【方法】利用五道沟水文实验站1971—2020年月平均气温和月0～320 cm(0、10、40、80、160、320 cm)土层地温资料,采用线性倾向估计、M-K检验以及Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了该地区1971—2020年0～320 cm土层温度月尺度变化规律及其对气温的响应。【结果】(1)五道沟实验站1971—2020年各土层地温趋势变化,除6—9月,其余月份均呈增加的趋势,最大增幅在3月,最小增幅在10月;0～160 cm土层地温总体呈上升的趋势,0 cm增幅最大,160 cm增幅最小,320 cm总体呈下降趋势。(2)利用小波分析可知各层年均地温具有明显的3～6、8～12 a和15～25 a周期变化,其中以3～6 a和8～12 a尺度为主周期。(3)M-K突变检验表明,0、10、80、160 cm和320 cm各层年均地温均发生突变,突变的年份分别在2013、2016、2019、2017年和1972年,其中0、10 cm和80 cm土层突变后地温显著性上升。(4)不同深度的月平均...     

Thermal Biology of Liorhyssus hyalinus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) and Nysius simulans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Fed on the Milky Stage of Maize Grains

When quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is cultivated in South America outside of its Andean origin, the heteropterans Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) and Nysius simulans Stål may emerge as important pests. Here we studied the development and reproduction of both species at different constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg and nymphal development were investigated at 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, and 36°C. For both species, egg incubation time significantly decreased as the temperature increased. Nymphs did not successfully develop at 18°C and the total nymphal time significantly decreased as the temperature increased from 22 to 36°C. Based on a linear day-degree (DD) model, the lower developmental threshold (LDT) temperatures for eggs and nymphs were estimated to be 16.0 and 17.9°C for L. hyalinus, and 16.1 and 19.7°C for N. simulans, respectively. Thermal requirements for egg and nymphal development were 68.6 and 114.8 DD for L. hyalinus, and 77.7 and 190.3 DD for N. simulans, respectively. Reproduction and adult longevity were studied at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C. For both species preoviposition time decreased as temperature increased, and the oviposition period was longest at 26°C. The highest fecundity and egg viability were observed at 30°C, whereas longevities were higher at 22–26°C than at 30–34°C. As the lowest tested temperatures were not suitable to both heteropterans and 30°C was found to be the optimal temperature for development and reproduction, peak densities are expected in warm areas and seasons.     

科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区气温变化趋势分析

通过对乌兰敖都气象观测站23a的观测资料分析表明,在全球气候逐渐变暖的背景下,科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区气候发生了显著的变化,气温的季节变化明显,春季、冬季温度有逐渐回升的趋势,冬季升温明显大于春季,作物生长期的温度也呈升高趋势;偏暖温和高温的年份出现频率较多,且这一趋势在近3a表现明显。科尔沁沙地西部乌兰敖都地区在近15a内正向暖温化方向发展,且以冬季变暖的趋势最为明显。     

花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下,以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料,于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃,分别持续1,2,3,4,5 d）处理,研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时,龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%,差异达极显著水平;低温处理3 d后,龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%,与CK相比差异达到显著水平;低温处理1 d后,龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%,与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,处理5 d时各指标达最大值,与CK相比,龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,处理3 d时酶活性达最大值,龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述,开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高,但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害;开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低,耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。