工厂化水产养殖中的悬浮物处理技术

在循环水工厂化水产养殖中,鱼类的排泄物、残饵、生物团等产生的悬浮物和固体物,增加了水体的浑浊度,堵塞了生物滤器,影响系统的性能和鱼类健康生长。本文根据我国现代渔业发展的趋势,结合国内外有关水产养殖水处理技术的研究成果与发展趋势,论述和分析了目前工厂化水产养殖中悬浮与固体物的物理、化学和生物处理技术及发展趋势,为研发新型水处理设备奠定基础。     

悬浮泥沙对青竹江陈家坝段冬季鱼类多样性的影响

选取青竹江陈家坝段水动力特征和河流形态相似的2个区域,利用肩背式电鱼机（800 W,24 V）进行冬季（2012年1月12-17日）采样,用食性同质资源团和鱼类分类多样性方法评价悬浮泥沙对河流鱼类多样性的影响。共采集到鱼类14种,隶属于2目4科14属。鱼类的物种数量和食性同质资源团种类随悬浮泥沙含量的降低而增加,这种变化可能与鱼类的摄食策略差异有关。结果可为认识泥沙对河流鱼类多样性的影响规律,以及预测鱼类群落对悬浮泥沙的响应过程和鱼类多样性保护提供借鉴。     

Numerical Analysis on Design of Dualistic Foundation Pit with ‘End Suspended Pile’

Foundation pits with dualistic structure of soil stratum and underlying rock stratum were commonly across Qingdao area. Aiming at the characteristics of “end suspended pile”, numerical simulation with Finite Element Method(FEM) and analysis was carried out to study the design methods and other influencing factors, such as stability, depth of the pile body, axial stress of anchor and width of reserved rock shoulder. It was shown that traditional design methods were applicable for the upper soil stratum, with the excavation stability guaranteed. The increase in embedded depth of pile body or axial stress of anchor led to effective control over excavation stability and deformation of the underlying rock stratum. And the axial stress was the main controlling factor, hence intense monitoring should be carried out on the stress during the course of construction. The larger the width of the rock shoulder was, the smaller the displacement of piles would be. When the width exceeded a certain value, its influences on the displacement and bending moment of piles tended to be insignificant.     

引黄灌渠泥沙迁移特性与渠道挟沙力模型试验研究

【目的】探索灌渠泥沙迁移特性及泥沙级配的沿程变化规律,找出减少渠道泥沙淤积的方法,保障灌区正常运行。【方法】通过对尊村灌区典型干渠高含沙水流实时监测采样,分析了悬移质泥沙沿程含沙量变化及级配特征,并根据实测数据带入4个典型挟沙力公式,筛选出适合尊村灌区的挟沙力公式,进一步改进得到尊村灌区渠道挟沙力计算公式.同时,通过一干渠改造段实测数据,推求出一干渠冲淤平衡比降计算公式。【结果】不同粒径泥沙的输移特性不同,总干渠悬移质含沙量随来水含沙量的增加而增加,渠道淤积主要与粉粒和砂粒量有关,其中砂粒对来水含沙量的变化表现得最为敏感,而黏粒更多的被水流带走,渠道由非平衡输沙经冲刷、淤积达到冲淤平衡输沙的过程比较缓慢。同时沉沙池能有效地减小引水中砂粒量。二干渠末清淤修缮段依旧存在泥沙淤积问题,一干渠剩余未改造部分,在条件允许的情况下,建议增大比降。【结论】含沙量在2 kg/m3内时,一级站来水量在8 m3/s左右,渠道基本实现冲淤平衡。     

火龙果悬浮饮料的研制工艺

以火龙果为主要原料,柠檬酸、白砂糖、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、卡拉胶等为辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化火龙果悬浮饮料的制备工艺。结果表明,火龙果果粒的最佳制备工艺为:火龙果果粒4 mm3,2.0%氯化钙溶液处理0.5 h;火龙果悬浮饮料的最佳工艺配方为:火龙果果浆用量15%,火龙果果粒用量6%,白砂糖用量6%,复合悬浮剂(0.15%羧甲基纤维素钠+0.20%黄原胶),柠檬酸用量0.12%。该产品果粒适中,悬浮效果好,酸甜可口,具有火龙果的清香果味,感官品质评定最佳。     

植被过滤带水土保持和水质净化效益研究

植被过滤带是水土保持和面源污染防控的重要措施之一。本研究于2016年8月在鹫峰人工降雨大厅通过土槽植草冲刷试验,观测不同宽度和坡度的植被过滤带(高羊茅)对地表径流、总悬浮物(TSS)以及污染物(TN、TP、K)的削减效果,定量分析植被过滤带宽度、坡度及入流流量大小等因素对植被过滤带径流拦蓄、TSS拦截和水质净化效益的影响。结果表明:植被过滤带的宽度对径流拦蓄效益影响较大,宽度为1、3和5 m植被过滤带的径流削减率分别为25.9%、79.6%、79.7%;污染物(TN、TP、K)削减率随着宽度逐渐增大,分别为51.7%~92.9%、44.4%~98.8%、31.7%~97.9%;TSS削减率分别为97.6%、99.4%和77.4%。随着坡度的增加(3°、7°和10°),径流和TSS的削减率呈逐渐减小趋势。对于同一个植被过滤带而言,较小的入流流量所对应的径流和TSS削减率较大,而污染物负荷削减率较小。研究表明,植被过滤带能有效拦蓄径流、拦截悬浮固体等污染物质,具有较好水土保持和水质净化效益。      

Comparison of the Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Two Loess Plateau Catchments,China

Changes in runoff and sediment loads are of great importance for the management of river basins and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study compared the suspended sediment dynamics in the Huangfuchuan and Yanhe catchments on the Loess Plateau. Both annual runoff and sediment load displayed significant reductions from 1955 to 2012. The decreasing rates were −0·88 mm a⁻¹ and −2·72 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Huangfuchuan catchment, respectively, and ‐0.31 mm a⁻¹ and −1·20 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Yanhe catchment. A total of 183 and 195 events, respectively, were selected to assess the suspended sediment dynamics in both catchments during the periods of 1971–1989 and 2006–2012. The results showed a good linear relationship between the sediment yield and runoff depth in both catchments from 1971 to 1989 and a relatively worse relationship in the Yanhe catchment from 2006 to 2012. The magnitude and frequency of the hyper‐concentrated sediment flow obviously decreased in the 2000s compared with that between 1971 and 1989. A hysteresis analysis suggested that complex and counter‐clockwise loops were the dominant patterns. Various soil and water conservation measures (e.g., afforestation, grassing, terraces, and check dams) played a critical role in runoff and sediment load changes in both catchments. The two catchments showed obvious heterogeneities in runoff and sediment yield because of different lithologies, soil types, and vegetation. The results of this study provide valuable information on suspended sediment dynamics and could be used to improve soil erosion control measures on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

德国小城镇绿化特色及其启示

以德国南部小城镇加米施-帕滕基兴(Garmisch-Partenkirchen)市为例,在介绍该市园林绿化概况的基础上,重点介绍其民居庭院绿化与阳台绿化的特色;并对如何更好地发展中国小城镇绿化进行了探讨。       

Effect of different total suspended solids concentrations on the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a BFT system

Decreased Litopenaeus vannamei performance resulting from excess total suspended solids (TSS) has been highlighted in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different TSS concentrations on the L. vannamei growth performance in a BFT system for 42 days. Five TSS concentrations were used—250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg L⁻¹—in three replicates identified as T250, T500, T1000, T2000, and T4000, respectively, in 200 L-tanks each. Dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) was maintained above 5 mg L⁻¹. Shrimp with an initial average weight of 4.57 ± 1.07 g were stocked at a density of 277 shrimp m⁻². The physical and chemical parameters were monitored. Water quality parameters and animal performance were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA − one way). The physical and chemical parameters were within the recommended range for L. vannamei. Weekly weight gain, feed conversion rate, survival, and productivity showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). The high TSS concentrations did not seem to affect the performance of this species when DO concentrations were maintained above 5 mg L⁻¹.